Kittelson, D., Watts, W., Johnson, J., Rowntree, C. et al., "Driving Down On-Highway Particulate Emissions," SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0916, 2006, doi:10.4271/2006-01-0916.
It has been reported that particulate emissions from diesel vehicles could be associated with damaging human health, global warming and a reduction in air quality. These particles cover a very large size range, typically 3 to 10 000 nm. Filters in the vehicle exhaust systems can substantially reduce particulate emissions but until very recently it was not possible to directly characterise actual on-road emissions from a vehicle. This paper presents the first study of the effect of filter systems on the particulate emissions of a heavy-duty diesel vehicle during real-world driving. The presence of sulfur in the fuel and in the engine lubricant can lead to significant emissions of sulfate particles < 30 nm in size (nanoparticles). We have demonstrated that when using low sulfur fuel in combination with a uniquely formulated low sulfur lubricant and a suitable filter system that the particulate emissions of a heavy-duty vehicle were reduced to the levels already present in the ambient environment.
See papers presented at SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition, April 2006, Detroit, MI, USA, Session: In-Cylinder Diesel Particulate and NOx Control (Part 3 of 3) - In-Cylinder Emission Strategies II
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