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General Motors has developed a computer controlled catalytic converter system. The C-4 system is the primary element in the GM effort to meet the twin goals of higher vehicle fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions. Major system components include a catalytic converter, electro-mechanical carburetor, exhaust oxygen sensor, coolant temperature sensor and electronic control module. The primary function of these components is to provide a precisely controlled air-fuel ratio to the catalytic converter for efficient reduction of regulated exhaust constituents.

High performance bearings made of consumable electrode vacuum arc remelted steel, properly internally contoured, etc. can be the answer to initial design problems as well as to problems with prototype or established machines. The economic and/or design advantages are well worth investigating. In order to consider the high performance bearing as a potential alternative or solution it is necessary to know the total environment in which the bearing is to operate.

Planetary drives used to transmit power are quite common in a wide range of equipment. It is important to the designer, therefore, that the speeds and loading of all members of such planetaries be simple to calculate and check with confidence. Calculation errors in the design and build stages of the product can be most costly and time consuming. The method of calculation presented and described in this paper will be most easily understood by the beginner and will in addition permit experienced designers who have heretofore utilized other methods of calculation to further check their arrangements. Examples and illustrations will show that simple principles of Statics and Kinematics can be applied to the solution of any planetary regardless of arrangement or complexity.

Particle mass and size distribution measurements have been made on the exhaust of an Onan prechamber diesel engine. Seven fuels were examined: no. 1 and no. 2 diesel fuel, 40 and 50 cetane number secondary reference fuels, and no. 2 diesel fuel doped with three different concentrations of Lubrizol 565, a barium-based smoke suppressant. The no. 1 and no. 2 diesel fuels and the 50 cetane number reference fuels produced very similar emissions with emission indices in the range 0.3-1.3 mg (gm-fuel)-1 and volume mean diameters between .09 and 0.15 μm. The 40 cetane number reference fuel produced both smaller emission indices, 0.2 to 0.8 mg (gm-fuel)-1, and particle diameters, 0.03 to 0.09 μm. These reductions were apparently related to the longer ignition delay period of the 40 cetane number fuel, which allowed better mixing of the fuel and air prior to combustion.

Diesel particulate matter in both the diluted and undiluted state is subject to the processes of coagulation, condensation or evaporation, and nucleation which causes continuous changes in its physical characteristics. The Electrical Aerosol Analyzer (EAA) is used to measure the diesel particle size distribution in the MTU dilution tunnel for a naturally aspirated direct-injection diesel engine operated on the EPA 13 mode cycle. The design and development of accurate and repeatable sampling methods using the EAA are presented. These methods involve both steady-state tunnel and bag measurements. The data indicate a bimodal nature within the 0.001 to 1 μm range. The first mode termed the “embroynic mode” has a saddle point between 0.005 to 0.015 μm and the second mode termed the “aggregation mode” lies between .08 to .15 μm for the number distribution.

In order to increase confidence in the reliability and accuracy of the linear random vibration theory in predicting vehicular behavior, an experiment was performed with a four-wheeled model vehicle with an independent suspension system. The vehicle has three degrees of freedom - vertical translation, pitch, and roll - and was made to traverse at different speeds, a simulated road bed with randomly distributed surface roughness. Using linear random vibration theory, equations giving the power spectral density of each degree of freedom about the center of gravity of the vehicle were derived as a function of the power spectral density of the vertical displacement of the four wheels. Utilizing both numerical and experimental techniques, a direct comparison was made between theoretical predictions and experimental results. The linear random vibration theory was found to give reliable predictions at higher speeds and at rougher terrain.

Secondary injection in a diesel engine is defined as the introduction of additional fuel into the combustion chamber after the end of the main injection. It is usually caused by residual pressure waves in the high-pressure pipe line connecting the pump and injector. When these waves exceed the injector opening pressure, secondary injection occurs. Tests revealed that the U.S. Army TACOM single-cylinder engine used in this investigation, fitted with an American Bosch injection system, had secondary injection within the normal engine operating region. The pump spill ports and delivery valve were redesigned to eliminate secondary injection, in accordance with previously reported work. Comparative tests of both the conventional and modified injection systems were run on the same engine, and the effects of secondary injection on engine power, economy, and exhaust emissions were determined.

Electronically controlling future automobile power trains will require a number of technologies to perform various functions. These technologies, including NMOS, HMOS, EPROM (FAMOS), EEPROM, and others, will be combined on single-chip power train control microcomputers. New design techniques and careful manufacturing will make such components inexpensive and highly reliable.

The features and development of an expandable, microprocessor-based vehicle operator information system (Cadillac's TRIP COMPUTER) are described. Information sensing, software routines, hardening techniques, and display methods are presented - along with photographs of components and block diagrams. Quality controls and field servicing are covered, along with potential future applications of the microprocessor to engine control and vehicle subsystems.

Studies conducted in Europe indicated a need for a vibrating road roller in the 10 ton size. Combining major components of an existing wheel loader and an existing vibrating roller provides a vehicle configuration matched to the customer need for the least development and tooling cost.

The data presented here, deals with the conversion of light-weight, air-cooled, reed-valved, chain-saw type, two-stroke engines into high-output, competition motors for powering small recreational, sports and organized racing vehicles. Raising the output of small two-stroke engines via the usual methods, entails some problems associated with their high RPM potentials, reed and rotary-valve induction systems, cylinder and piston ports, crankcase induction, anti-friction bearing crank-trains, air-cooling, and fuel-lubricant combustion. Developing their modification routines involved techniques differing considerably from those encountered in boosting the outputs of small four-stroke engines. Some highlights of two decades of such engine conversion which might be of interest to design engineers, will be discussed.

Some liquid cooled snowmobile design parameters are discussed along with some methods of estimating cooling loads at worst conditions. An approach to design is described using the three conditions of maximum cooling requirement, minimum available cooling and maximum cooling deficiency. Measurements of engine cooling requirements at snowmobile road loads is discussed. A method of measuring heat rejection based upon cooling deficiency is introduced and discussed.

A simple spool valve combined with load sensing principles is used for precision flow control on demand. This type of valve, even though it has been in use for about ten years, received new attention during the energy crunch of 1974 and the subsequent interest in load sensing systems The load sensing flow control has been used on many applications and especially for power steering circuits where priority flow is needed. The valve functions in all systems: open center, closed center, and load sensing. It provides flow and pressure to a controlled circuit on demand (only as much as needed). This paper describes the function and some applications of the valve and includes system considerations. Generally, a fluid linked power steering system is used for illustration but the same principles can apply to any circuit using a special four way valve.

This paper provides a brief review of some of the more significant features of the new Massey-Ferguson MF 60 Backhoe Loader. The machine incorporates a new “load sensing” hydraulic system and a low noise cab. These features together with the basis for its structural design are reviewed.

The Federal Boat Safety Act gave the United States Coast Guard authority to require boatbuilders and marine equipment manufacturers to comply with safety regulations in the design and construction of their products. Since 1972, regulations have been published with requirements for safe powering, safe loading, flotation, fuel systems, electrical systems and compartment ventilation. These regulations have increased the cost of the products, changed some business practices, affected the public image of marine manufacturers and improved the safety of recreational boating.

A new development has been made in the field of sludge disposal equipment. Utilizing field tested principles from the fertilizer application industry, the machine incorporates high flotation tires, four-wheel drive, four-wheel steer, off the road type chassis and planetary axles. High volume disposal of municipal sludge has been accomplished with a minimum of cost and a maximum acceptance in both the environmental and agricultural fields.

This paper discusses the features and systems of a new compact skid steer loader. Special features of the new loader are a single member lift arm and worm gear wheel drives. The general systems of the machine will be discussed along with the special PTO option.

In 1976 an agricultural production energy conservation project was initiated by Kansas State University and the University of Nebraska. The main objective of the program was to develop a model fuel conservation program. This paper is a report of the results of the project relating to field operations. Results indicated that farmers are interested in saving fuel. The farmers who cooperated in collecting fuel consumption data indicated that fuel record keeping made them much more aware of energy costs for individual operations. Practice of currently available energy conservation technology results in significant energy savings. The field demonstrations used were highly successful in showing farmers exactly how to accomplish several conservation techniques. Industry can have a very important part in solving the energy-food production problem. Increased emphasis on engine efficiency is needed.

The principle of exhaust gas turbocharging is known for more than 70 years. Only since a few years turbocharging is applied successfully to gasoline engines respectively to engines for passenger cars. Mainly a poor throttle response and an unsatisfactory acceleration characteristic prevented turbocharging from general use. The paper deals with the application of turbocharging for racing and passenger car engines. It is reported on the problems, improvements, and Porsche's experiences. The future chances of turbocharging with regard to exhaust emissions and fuel economy are discussed.

In Medical Aspects of Energy Absorption, a review of medical injury mechanisms are discussed in practical terms. The nationwide adoption of the Abbreviated Injury Scale, derived from the original meetings of the Ad Hoc Injury Severity Committee in the late sixties and early seventies, have led to the more sophisticated and better defined injury severity scale. The statistical review of many automotive accidents are now performed well away from the field investigators and thus have led the people to code and analyze the injuries without really knowing the case and the mechanism by which the injuries were sustained. This paper concentrates mainly on the head, neck, thorax and abdomen. Although serious, permanent injuries and occasional fatal injuries can develop later due to trauma to either the upper or lower extremities, this paper deals with direct trauma and the more complex injuries of the upper torso and head of the victim.