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This paper will show the trends in the 4 wheel drive vehicles, technologies, and the move to systems approach rather than the independent supplier approach. The trends show how the transfer case and other drive train components are changing using the latest technology. These changes are making more system adaptations possible. There are three directions that the current changes are moving into. 1) Continue to optimize current designs 2) Redesign with new devices and 3) Design new 4WD systems. Examples of future 4WD designs are Hybrid Electric Vehicles with motors at all four wheels, and CVT's. Specifically this paper will show the latest trends from 1994 to 1998 and some predictions into the future. The focus will be the U.S. Market but some references will be made to the world 4x4 market. Brief references will be made to the basics of traction and directional stability as they relate to the 4WD technology.

This paper will show the growth of the Global 4x4 market ( Figure 1), and define terms for 4x4, 4WD and AWD. This will allow a way to organize the data and show the growth trends of the AWD segment. This growth can be seen in Figure 2. From this point of view, the vehicle, and technology differences will be shown, both with physical pictures, and schematic architecture diagrams. The focus will be the US 4WD and AWD market from 1997 to 2004, when a significant change occurred from 4WD to AWD architectures. Figure 1 This paper will document the changes that have occurred to bring about the distinct shift towards AWD car based vehicles from truck based 4WD vehicles. It will be clear why the terms were defined as they were when the architectural differences are shown schematically. Figures 25, 26, 27 and 28.

FOUR-WHEEL STEERING (4WS) is beginning to find widespread use as a new approach to improving vehicle dynamics, especially in the medium and high speed ranges. Steering the rear wheels in the same phase as the front wheels enhances vehicle stability. Four-wheel steering systems have an even greater potential to improve stability and steering response through suitable control over the transient characteristics of the rear wheel steer angle. This paper traces the course of Nissan research and development work on four-wheel steering and the evolution of Nissan's HICAS (4WS) technology. It also describes research activities under way on vehicle dynamics using a newly developed Simulator Vehicle, equipped with a front and rear angle transient control system which makes it possible to vary the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle instantaneously and at will while driving.

Diesel injection equipment is required to be more accurate and higher in pressure to meet the increasingly strict emission, fuel consumption regulations and higher engine performance. It also needs to achieve a number of requirements such as robustness against diversified market fuels, easy installation to engine, etc.

Diesel common rail injectors are required to utilize a higher injection pressure and to achieve higher injection accuracy in order to meet increasingly severe emissions, less fuel consumption, and higher engine performance demand. In addition to those requirements, in conjunction with optimized nozzle geometry, a more rectangular injection rate and stable multiple injections with shorter intervals are required for further emissions and engine performance improvement by optimizing the combustion efficiency.

This paper will provide an overview of the work progress of the advanced offset frontal crash protection group of IHRA. It resumes, including tables, the strategy of the group to cope with the assigned task. This is the commitment to achieve an harmonized frontal crash protection procedure taking into account the different world wide views in this field.

The Harnischfeger hydraulic hoe circuits are designed for fast digging cycles. The circuits have separate pump sections, control valves, cylinders, and motors. There is complete independence of action of all circuits in volume and pressure. The maximum horsepower that can be applied to any circuit is determined by the maximum volume of the pump section and relief setting. Forces that are applied to the structure are controlled by the area of the cylinders, the fixed volume of the motors, and the relief settings. The machine can fill the dipper at full digging depth, hoist to spoil pile height, swing 90deg, dump the load, and return to full depth in 17–22sec. The H312 5/8 yard machine can dig 2cu yd per minute.

The personal watercrafts (PWC's) are operated in various ways; going around on certain course again and again, repeating acceleration and deceleration, or prolonged idling operation, for instance. The procedure of ISO 14509 has been applied in the traditional sound measurement for powered recreational craft. However, the standard is designed to measure the sound from the typical small crafts, on the assumption that they run straight in a constant speed. It is believed to be inappropriate to use this procedure for the measurement of PWC sound. In trying to establish the suitable procedure for PWC, evaluation by the auditory sense of 15 raters was carried out in parallel with the traditional sound pressure level measurement. As the candidate, four (4) measurement methods were employed in this test. 5 models of PWC's including modified crafts were used. Correlation between the results of traditional sound measurement and the auditory sense ratings was examined.

A colorful series of 150 slides was presented tracing 5 HP to 1200 HP marine gear design evolution beginning in 1906, followed by pre-WWI developments, Liberty Aircraft engine usage and a 1924 to 1972 series of pleasure boat and work boat marine gear photographs. The entire slide presentation is available in 35 m.m. film strip and may be ordered (at cost) from the author, R. C. McRoberts, Twin Disc, Incorporated, Racine, Wisconsin, 53403, U.S.A. For short time usage, a loan film is available. This history of U. S. marine gear development includes information contributed by the Snow-Nabstedt Gear Corp., Capitol Gears, Inc., Paragon Gears, Inc., The Walter Machine Co., Inc., Detroit Diesel Allison Div. of General Motors Corp., Caterpillar Tractor Co., Warner Gear Div. Borg-Warner Corp. and Twin Disc, Incorporated.

The performance of three way and NOx catalysts was evaluated on vehicles utilizing non-feedback fuel control and electronic feedback fuel control. The vehicles accumulated 80,450 km (50,000 miles) using fuels representing the extremes in hydrogen-carbon ratio available for commercial use. Feedback carburetion compared to non-feedback carburetion improved highway fuel economy by about 0.4 km/l (1 mpg) and reduced deterioration of NOx with mileage accumulation. NOx emissions were higher with the low H/C fuel in the three way catalyst system; feedback reduced the fuel effect on NOx in these cars by improving conversion efficiency with the low H/C fuel. Feedback had no measureable effect on HC and CO catalyst efficiency. Hydrocarbon emissions were lower with the low H/C fuel in all cars. Unleaded gasoline octane improver, MMT, at 0.015g Mn/l (0.06 g/gal) increased tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions by 0.05 g/km (0.08 g/mile).

The effects of high quality biodiesel, namely, partially Hydrogenated Fatty Acid Methyl Ester or H-FAME, on 50,000km on-road durability test of unmodified common-rail vehicle have been investigated. Thailand popular brand new common-rail light duty vehicle, Isuzu D-Max Spacecab, equipped with 4JK1-STD engine (DOHC 4-cylinder 2.5L, M/T 4×2, Euro III emission) was chosen to undergo on-road test composed of well-mixed types of mountain, suburb and urban road conditions over the entire 50,000km. Jatropha-derived high quality biodiesel, H-FAME, conforming to WWFC (worldwide fuel charter) specification, was blended with normal diesel (Euro IV) at 10% (v/v) as tested fuel. Engine performance (torque and power), emission (CO, NOx, HC+NOx and PM), fuel consumption and dynamic response (0-100km acceleration time and maximum velocity) were analyzed at initial, middle and final distance; whereas, used lube oil analysis was conducted every 10,000km.

The effects of high quality biodiesel, namely, partially Hydrogenated Fatty Acid Methyl Ester or H-FAME, on 50,000km on-road durability test of unmodified common-rail vehicle have been investigated. Thailand brand new common-rail light duty vehicle, Isuzu D-Max Extended cab, equipped with 4JK1-TCX engine (DOHC 4-cylinder 2.5L, M/T 4×2, Euro IV emission) was chosen to undergo on-road test composed of well-mixed types of mountain, suburb and urban road conditions over the entire 50,000km. Palm-derived high quality biodiesel, H-FAME, conforming to WWFC (worldwide fuel charter) specification, was blended with normal diesel (Euro IV) at 20% (v/v) as tested fuel. Engine performance (torque and power), emission (CO, NOx, HC+NOx and PM), fuel consumption and dynamic response (0-100km acceleration time and maximum velocity) were analyzed at initial, middle and final distance; whereas, used lube oil analysis was conducted every 10,000km.

A 500 hours endurance test was performed with a heavy-duty engine (Euro IV); MAN type D 0836 LFL 51 equipped with a PM-Kat®. As fuel 100% biodiesel was used that met the European specification EN 14214. The 500 hours endurance test included both the European stationary and transient cycle (ESC and ETC) as well as longer stationary phases. During the test, regulated emissions (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and particulate matter), the particle number distribution and the aldehydes emission were continuously measured. For comparison, tests with fossil diesel fuel were performed before and after the endurance test. During the endurance test, the engine was failure-free for 500 hours with the biogenic fuel. There were almost no differences in specific fuel consumption during the test, but the average exhaust gas temperature increased by about 15°C over the time. Emissions changed only slightly during the test.

TERBAN® hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) is a specialty elastomer used in demanding engineering applications such as the automotive, heavy duty, and industrial markets. It has excellent combination of heat, oil and abrasion resistance in addition to its high mechanical strength, very good dynamic and sealing properties. This paper will present data on aging HNBR for five thousand hours in an aggressive and un-stabilized B30A biodiesel fuel blend (70% ULSD, 30% SME, and an aggressive additive package) and explore the effect of HNBR polymer properties and vulcanizate composition on the performance in such fuel blends.

4 different engine concepts with Catalyst have been developed in regard to pollutant emission, fuel efficiency and performance. Despite the wide power range from 1,2 HP to 12 HP and the different applications of these engines to Mopeds, Chainsaws and Motorcycles, the problems to solve have been similar. Internal measures such as optimized carburetion, cooling, piston shape and clearance, scavenging and tuning of the exhaust must enable the engine to run on the lean side. This is imperative to supply sufficient oxygen for the exothermal reaction and to keep the energy to be converted in the Oxidation Catalyst at a minimum. Secondary measures have been taken to shorten the Catalyst's light-off and to keep the temperature range in limits.

When evaluating the sound generated by PWC (personal water craft), it is essential to study the measurement method for the PWC sound itself. However, it is equally important to identify the influence on the people in the neighbor of shoreline by being exposed to the sound from a group of PWC running around on waters. Such influence can be grasped in relation to the results of sensory evaluation. LAeq (equivalent continuous A-weighted sound level) was measured on PWC's running in various patterns and different numbers, while sensory evaluation was performed to obtain the data for the feelings the exposed persons would have about the sound. In this way the correlation between the sound pressure level and its perception by the people were analyzed. LAeq is the mixture of natural sound at the test site and the sound from the PWC(s) running in the predetermined patterns.

There is a movement to apply emission control in a marine engine as well due to high public awareness of environmental concern in the United States. We started at the development of 3-seater Personal Watercraft (PWC) equipped with 4-stroke engines in taking environment conformity and potential into account. The PWC employed series 4-cylinder 1100cc displacement engine that has been used for mass production motorcycles. The engine was modified to satisfy requirements for PWC, as a marine engine, such as performance function and corrosion. In order to achieve greater or equal power/weight ratio as against two-stroke PWCs, a four-stroke engine for PWC with an exhaust turbo charger was developed. As a result, we succeeded in developing an engine that attained top-level running performance and durability superior to competitors' 2-stroke engines.

A new compact skid steer loader has been developed. Along with productivity and cost, the design of this loader was concentrated on improving ease of operation, operator comfort and safety, and serviceability. This paper discusses how serviceability was improved over previous model Bobcats. That is; improved accessibility to regulary serviced items, reduced service parts and improved reliability.

Since 1998, outboard motor manufactures are making every effort to meet the regulatory requirements that restrict the exhaust emissions from marine engines. Industry's first and the largest 4-sroke outboard motor F225A was introduced in the spring, 2001, targeting at off-shore fishing market in the U.S. This report describes technical features of 225HP V6 four-stroke outboard motor, which successfully conforms to the required limits, while maintaining the operating performance and compactness comparable to the corresponding two-stroke model, which has traditionally been in the mainstream of this marine engine segment.

In this study, the effect of corona discharge on the combustion phenomenon has been made clear. A homogeneous propane-air mixture was used and six equivalence ratios were tested. For generating the positive and negative corona discharge, a non-uniform electric field was applied to the combustion chamber by the needle to plane gap. One or five needle-shaped electrodes were used to change the corona discharge state. When the positive corona discharge was applied, the luminescence from corona with five electrodes was weak as compared with that of one needle-shaped electrode. When the negative corona discharge was applied, the luminescence from corona and combustion were not affected by the number of electrode. When the positive corona discharge was applied by low voltage, the combustion was improved in the case of one needle-shaped electrode, but the index of combustion with one needle-shaped electrode was almost equal to that of five electrodes when the high voltage was applied.