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A new clad metal system has been developed as a material for hydraulic brake line tubing. The material consists of a 1008 LCS/304 SS/1008 LCS composite in the ratio 45%/10%/45%. Laboratory experimental tests, accelerated life tests, and field tests were performed on brake tubing formed from this material. The results show that the brazed and ternecoat low-carbon steel/stainless steel/low-carbon steel tubing has excellent corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength. The results are compared with those obtained with conventional brazed and ternecoat LCS brake tubing.

This paper presents conclusions of a study of rollover collisions and the injuries resulting from them. The injury severity, the type of injury, the body region injured, the frequency of injury, and the injury mechanism are all indicated. The study includes statistics on both restrained and unrestrained occupants, and shows that ejected occupants usually sustain more severe injury than contained occupants. Several conclusions are presented as to automobile structures in relation to injury.

A new Jaguar engine, incorporating 12 cylinders in 60 deg Vee formation and using aluminum for most of its construction, was announced in conjunction with a new “E”-type, Series “3” sports car in March 1971. This paper is intended to describe this engine and to discuss some of the more interesting design features. The background history of the previous XK engine is presented, together with the reasons for designing the new engine. The design features single camshafts per cylinder bank, with valves in line in a flat combustion chamber, together with a new Lucas transistorized ignition system. A technical specification, together with relevant illustrations, is contained in the Appendixes.

Acceleration-time data in 25 squirrel monkeys subjected to controlled sagittal plane head motions are presented. In 12 of the 25 animals subjected to pure translation of the head at peak positive g levels ranging between 665-1230 g (6-8 ms duration), cerebral concussion was not obtainable. In contrast, 13 of the animals subjected to head rotations at peak positive tangential (at c.g.) g levels ranging between 348-1025 g (5.5-8 ms duration) were all concussed. Visible brain lesions were noted in both translated and rotated groups but with a greater frequency and severity after rotation. An analysis of the lesions produced in both groups is presented, along with our preliminary data on the use of the evoked somatosensory response as an objective, quantifiable index for the onset and severity of brain damage in head injury.

The BP-399-T and other engines of this family were planned as snowmobile and ATV engines with particular regard to balancing. They show shaking forces of 14-30% of those of conventional designs. Engine balance becomes a major factor, wherein vibrational forces should be considered in two classes: those which are symmetrical about the c.g. and cause translations of the c.g. through space, and those forces which are unsymmetrical and cause the body to rotate or rock. The mechanics of design and development are discussed, along with installation problems.

This paper reports on the progress of the United States Experimental Safety Vehicle Program. This includes test results to date, some preliminary conclusions based on the work and an outline of future plans leading to the completion of the major ESV program objectives. AMF and Fairchild prototype vehicles are examined. Crash test and dummy performance results are outlined. Passenger compartment integrity and passive occupant protection are analyzed.

Nissan's Experimental Safety Vehicle is a small-sized passenger car. "Small-sized" means small in overall dimensions and light weight. Differences between the Japanese 2,500 pound ESV and the 4,000 pound ESV specifications are outlined. This paper discusses small car safety and ESV specifications

Toyota Motor Company has been endeavoring to make technological progress in the field of vehicle safety, and we have made up our minds to build a Toyota ESV prototype in cooperation with the ESV project of the U.S. Department of Transportation and the Japanese Government. Crashworthiness is the major purpose in the Toyota ESV design. Toyota will work to attain current ESV specification and contribute to accident avoidance specifications.

The general rules adopted in the development of automotive emission control catalytic converter models are to quantify all the essential physical and chemical phenomena related to the converter performance by separate laboratory experiments, and to minimize the complexity of the models by excluding from the models the less important phenomena. By adhering to these rules, predictive catalytic converter math models were constructed for both particle or monolithic support catalysts using either noble or base metal as active ingredients. The models have been used as a useful research and development tool for exploring the direction for improving total emission control systems, including catalyst development, engine calibration modification, converter location and converter design studies. The strategy in the application of the models is to maintain a continuous dialogue between test results and the math model predictions to a total vehicle-converter system that can meet stated goals.

The results of a comprehensive test program using a 1969 383-CID V-8 engine at two compression ratios-9.5:1 and 7.6:1-are reported. Compression ratio changes were effected by piston changes only. Except for necessary ignition timing modifications, no other changes were made in the engine. The effects of compression ratio changes on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption were studied in steady-state dynamometer tests and in vehicle tests. At MBT ignition timing or at the same percentage power loss from MBT timing at each compression ratio and with identical carburetion, decreasing the compression ratio from 9.5:1 to 7.6:1 produced the following results: 1. In steady-state dynamometer tests, NO (ppm) and CO (%) emissions were unchanged, HCs (ppm) were decreased, and fuel consumption was increased when equal power was developed at both compression ratios. 2. In vehicle tests using the 7-mode Federal Test Procedure, NO and CO emissions were unchanged and HCs increased somewhat.

The seat belt-shoulder harness restraint system is recognized as the most efficient, economical, available means of saving lives and reducing injuries in automobile accidents. A recent survey indicates that in accidents involving speeds up to 60 mph not a single motorist who was wearing seat belt-shoulder harnesses were killed. A recent report issued by a major auto-maker states that the seat belts-shoulder system is more effective from both a cost and life-saving point of view than the air bag or other presently proposed passive restraint systems. Despite the over-whelming evidenence and a concentrated public education program only about one-third of the American motoring public avails themselves of the protection of lap belts and less than 5% use shoulder harnesses.

The rolling resistance of a tire can have a marked effect on such factors as gasoline mileage and high speed durability. In an effort to understand better the mechanisms involved, 80 tires were analyzed. This analysis resulted in dividing the rolling resistance into a component (Ra) independent of speed, and a component (Rb), which is very speed dependent. The body of this paper discusses the effect of operating conditions and tire design variations on both of these components.

This paper describes the initial investigation and design of a lightweight racing motorcycle with a single-cylinder 2-stroke engine, capable of producing 60 bhp. The data discussed here pertain to the gas dynamic and mechanical parts and functions of the cycle. Designs of the various components are described and reports of tests on road and test beds verify the viability of this concept of a high specific output and large displacement cylinder for a lightweight, air-cooled motorcycle engine.

The increasing levels of affluence in the highly industrialized western societies have resulted in a drastic and increasing deterioration of the quality of man's environment. The economic facts in these societies are such that it actually “pays to pollute.” Air and water pollution, solid waste disposal, and noise pollution have become areas of major concern for the institutions of higher learning. Through instruction and research, knowledge toward the alleviation and control of environmental pollution must be disseminated and advanced. One of the major contributors to the present state of environmental deterioration is the almost absolute lack of well-defined control criteria. Much needs to be done in this area and the academic community has the know-how and economic remoteness to tackle this problem. One of the most fascinating facets of the environmental pollution problem is its interdisciplinary nature.

Introducing the direct study of environmental problems into university courses seems too difficult. The only practical way of alerting future engineers to their responsibility in considering the effect of their activities on the environment is indirectly. The development of courses in instrumentation and the use of experimental equipment are effective and do not require substantial modification of an engineering cirriculum. The intention of this paper is to describe certain experimental work to illustrate their use in the field of environmental problems.

The roles and responsibilities in this era of technological morality raise questions concerning active participation of engineers in ordinary day-to-day problems. Items of current interest, such as waste disposal, summer “brownouts,” locations of powerplants and their possible detrimental effects on ecology, are discussed; the feasibility of providing qualified group judgment on national policy is shown; the ways and means of publicizing the overall problems are presented.

The paper discusses two general definitions of adaptive control in an attempt to determine whether adaptive controls can effectively be employed in low-cost, high-quality auto production. Uses of adaptive control in various industries are described. Future applications are suggested in auto manufacture. Solid-state circuitry and computer control are major areas of such adaptive control application which are explored.

In view of impending changes in the British Standard concerned with ignition interference, to conform with the recent International Agreement (E.C.E. Regulation No. 10) and the probable corresponding amendment to the United Kingdom legislation, a series of road-side measurements of ignition interference radiation has been made on more than 10,000 vehicles. From the known suppression arrangements currently used on the vehicles measured, the results have been analysed as to their efficacy in relation to present United Kingdom legislation and the E.C.E. International Regulation; reference is also made to the SAE Standard J.551a and b. The effects of multisource ignition interference resulting from areas of high density traffic on the reception of VHF frequency-modulated radio and VHF positive-modulation TV signals are described.

Low Profile glass reinforced polyester Bulk Molding Compounds (BMC) and Sheet Molding Compounds (SMC) offer the automotive engineer two classes of materials with desirable properties for painted outside body parts. This paper compares methods of manufacture, molding parameters, and properties of BMC and SMC. Several applications are analyzed and reasons for material selection discussed.