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A 1.3-L direct injection diesel engine was used in steady-state testing to determine the emissions performance of a matrix of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuels encompassing two types of sulfur removal and the use of fuel oxygenates. As expected, exhaust gas recirculation was the most effective technique for NOx reduction. With regard to fuel effects, an oxygenated diesel fuel produced with a conventional sulfur removal process reduced particulate emissions substantially, and these particulate reductions could be converted into NOx reductions by using higher levels of exhaust gas recirculation. On a simulated FTP, this oxygenated fuel simultaneously decreased NOx emissions by 30% and total particulate emissions by 50% compared to a baseline fuel.

The influence of the exhaust system on power output and fuel consumption is shown for blower scavenged 2 stroke cycle diesel engines with loop scavenging and symmetrical timing diagrams. Basic laws of wave propagation and wave superimposition are treated and relationships for the points of discontinuity are stated. The influence of the natural frequency of the exhaust system is pointed out, and formulas for its determination are given. Exhaust pulse charging and the Kadenacy effect are briefly discussed. Experimental results are reported for various designs of exhaust systems for 1, 2, 3, and 4 cyl engines, and the determinative results are discussed.

In addition to existing air and oil-cooled engine series, DEUTZ is introducing two new series of water-cooled engines. The FM 1012 series has a displacement of 0.8 liters per cylinder, the FM 1013 engine 1.2 liter/cyl. There are four and six cylinder models in each series with turbocharged and charge-air-cooled versions. Also available is a four cylinder, naturally aspirated FM 1012 engine. Among other technical innovations, these engines feature the flexibility of integrated or external cooling systems, individual injection pumps and three levels of governing. The new design concept results in a compact powerplant with excellent fuel economy, clean exhaust gases and very low noise emissions. This paper highlights some design features and presents the exhaust and noise emission characteristics of these engines.

Viscometry has been closely associated with the lubricating properties of engine oils since the development of the reciprocating engine. With the advent of non-Newtonian multi-grade engine oils, a new dimension of viscometry was introduced - viscometry at high shear rates and high temperatures. In view of the importance of the critical hydrodynamic lubrication that engine oils provide - and the toll on engine efficiency that these oils extract - it was thought timely and practical to review the initiation and application of high shear rate engine oil viscometry and to discuss subsequent development.

The experience gained and the spin-off effects resulting from the change-over to a 3D surface definition system in automobile design.

The starting knock of R4102 D.I. diesel engine are analyzed experimentally based on the transient speed and first and third cylinder indicator diagrams that were taken from updated data acquisition system developed by the authors[1][2]. The influence of the starting knock on the strength of connecting rod, piston and piston ring are also studied. The results show that the influence of the starting knock is larger than the influence of the rated conditions. So the starting knock must be thought in the engine design.

THE FIREBIRD II represents an interpretation of future trends in powerplant and chassis design. It was conceived as a high-speed, turbine-powered vehicle to carry its four passengers comfortably for long distances on smooth highways. The chassis and suspension provide a smooth level ride, the brakes give adequate stopping power, and the hydraulic system furnishes the means for powering accessories for convenient and easy car control.

This paper shows some discussions regarding an experimental consideration of booming noise level when a vehicle drives over a small protruding object on a road. Booming noise level is subjected to vehicle speed and is not proportional to the speed. Generally, it is known as the maximal noise level is being created with vehicle speed of around 40 km/h, however, the obvious cause of the phenomena have not been completely determined so far. In this paper, at first, it shows an experimental data that was being observed in detail with variable vehicle speed. Based on our detailed observation of the experimental data, reversed-phase two inputs by existence of a protruding object, was confirmed. By considering correlation between time difference of two inputs and vehicle speed, it is demonstrated that those two inputs around 40km/h induce a tire resonance which leads to a booming noise in a cabin. We define it as ‘harsh booming noise’ here.

Bio-hydro fined diesel (BHD) oil is known as a second generation oil made from bio hydro finning process. Biodiesel in the first generation is made from transesterification process and it has several disadvantages such as high density and increased the viscosity that can cause operational problems because can make some deposits in the engine. To overcome this, the second generation process of biodiesel has been modified from the first generation oil. BHD is made from the waste cooking oil by using the hydro finning process without the trans-esterification process. The results of BHD oil has nearly the same with diesel oil. BHD oil has low viscosity and high oxidation stability. Therefore, BHD oil can be used in the diesel engine without making any modifications in the engine. In this study, the comparison of performance and emissions characteristics from BHD oil, waste cooking oil, and diesel oil are investigated.

Natural gas (NG) produced in the Urucu area (Amazon Forest) has low methane and high nitrogen and therefore does not meet current NG specifications for vehicular use, as established by standard number 104 of ANP (National Petroleum Agency). This paper reports the steps for these NG conversion kit adjustments and also the results and comparisons of vehicle performance, emissions and fuel economy tests on a chassis dynamometer. The vehicles were tested with different fuels like regular NG, Amazon Forest NG, gasoline and ethanol. The results were presented to ANP that authorized in the beginning of 2005 the experimental use of the Urucu natural gas for 30 months. Also reported on this paper is an overview of the Brazilian NG fleet, present and future emission legislation, fuel specification, new trends on NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle) market and conversion kit technologies. Updated information is included regarding the experimental project of Urucu natural gas that is running on Manaus city.

The hydraulic retarder is an important auxiliary braking device for the heavy vehicle, which has some characteristics, such as the big brake torque and long duration braking, when the vehicle is traveling in braking state. However, the transmission power loss will be produced when the vehicle is traveling in non-braking state. This transmission power loss is called Air-friction. Firstly, the air flow distribution characteristics of retarder cavity are studied by computational fluid mechanics, and the Air-friction characteristic in different conditions is analyzed. Then, according to the Air-friction characteristics for the condition of different filling density, a set of vacuum air loss reduction system is designed. Meanwhile, the test bench for retarder Air-friction is set up, the test data of the revolution speed, pressure in cavity and air loss resistance is obtained according to the test bench for hydraulic retarder.

The air movement produced by various types of road vehicles has been experimentally determined in order to evaluate the potential of this air flow to destabilize nearby pedestrians. Six vehicles are used, as small as an automobile and as large as a tractor-trailer combination, driven at speeds ranging from 20 to 50 mph (23 to 80 kph), at distances to sensors of two to six feet (0.6 to 1.8 m), in order to quantify some of the chaotic effects of the air motion generated by these vehicles, and specifically, what destabilizing effect it can have on nearby pedestrians. For each combination of testing variables, the peak air speed, relative temporal gust occurrence, and settling time to ambient conditions were measured. The results are analyzed, and a discussion is provided regarding the relation of factors, such as vehicle speed and the distance to the speed sensor, to the magnitude of the maximum air speed recorded.

With increasing public concern over the environmental problem caused by vehicles, the regulation of exhaust emissions and noise is becoming stringent. Due to its good fuel economy, diesel engines are fitted on all small trucks and coaches in Korea where crude oil is entirely imported. The gasoline engine has drawbacks of poor fuel economy and high CO2 emissions causing “green house effect” but advantage of low noise and well developed anti-pollution technology. Direct injection (DI) diesel engine has good fuel economy, but it has disadvantage of high noise and difficulty to reduce NOx and smoke simultaneously. Indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine is used for all light duty vehicles and trucks in the Korean market where fuel economy is a major concern as well as low emissions. To keep this market with IDI diesel engine, much improvement of emissions, noise and fuel consumption is strongly required.

The experimental study on the automotive body panel shape has researched a way to reduce the damping material. Among each differently designed panel shapes, the curved panel shape, with high rigidity, or dynamic stiffness, and uneven deformation mode, has found to most reduce the vibration energy and damping material application. This study shows how could the panel shape influence the NVH performance, which would be measured according to several specifically designed panel shapes in order to compare with the conventional bead panel. And this research proposes the way to optimize the damping material to minimize its weight.

In-cylinder pressure analysis is becoming more and more important both for research and development purpose and for control and diagnosis of internal combustion engines; directly measured by means of a combustion chamber pressure transducers or evaluated by analysing instantaneous engine speed [1,2,3,4], in-cylinder pressure allows the evaluation of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), combustion heat release, combustion phase, friction pressure, etc…It is well known to internal combustion engine researchers that for a right evaluation of these quantities the exact determination of Top Dead Centre (TDC) is of vital importance: a 1° error on TDC determination can lead to evaluation errors of about 10% on the IMEP and 25% on the heat released by the combustion.

In this paper, the structurally closed loop coupling model of drum brake squeal is established on the basis of experimental study. The relevant equations of structural dynamics have been derived by applying Hamilton Principle, moreover; the model for numerical computation is formed. And the influence of structural parameters, especially that of structure of brake backplate, upon the drum brake squeal is studied in detail through computational analysis. The results of the theoretical study is consistent with that of experimental study quite well. Both the experimental study and theoretical study have proved that the brake squeal of the drum brake system studied in this paper can be suppressed through stiffening the brake backplate. It is pointed out that the structural parameter matching between brake drum substructure and the brake backplate, brake shoe, brake operation system and brake pump substructure is very important to drum brake squeal.

Business decisions are based on carefully developed target costs and profits for autos or any other manufactured products. However, when it comes to environmental management, occupational health and safety, recycling and end of life of vehicles, significant costs associated with these activities are typically hidden in overhead, or are undocumented, including costs that may come back to a company at the end of the vehicle's life. Life Cycle Cost Management (LCCM) is a business decision process that integrates any or all of the environmental, health, safety and recycling (EHS&R) phases of product life with a full range of functional costs to provide a business focus on design decisions. The concept of the extended enterprise is now a reality. LCCM is a process for identifying true environmental, health and safety (EHS) costs as they relate to automobile parts, materials, and manufacturing processes.

This paper discusses some aspects of accidents in which pedestrians, cyclists and motorcycle riders are involved. The data for this study come from a larger at-the-scene investigation of road accidents which has been underway in the central part of Britain since 1965. The study was so designed that the sample of accidents would be representative as far as possible of the national situation in terms of such factors as urban to rural ratio, time of day distribution and injury severities. Pedestrian accidents are shown to be essentially an urban problem, with marked differences between adults and children both in collision circumstances and consequent injuries. Cyclists involved in accidents are mainly male teenagers, and are the least severely injured of the road users considered. Motorcyclists show different accident characteristics according to the environment of the collision.

The External Combustion Piston Engine (ECPE) is a new and unusual powerplant concept which is intended to improve the performance and emissions of conventional reciprocating piston engines in the power class which is needed for automobiles. Under contract to the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Command and the Environmental Protection Agency (Office of Air Programs), the analysis and preliminary design of a 160 bhp, 6-cyl engine with a low-emission external burner was undertaken. The study has shown that the ECPE powerplant is a potential solution to the present air pollution problem.

In a project carried out for a major French company in the energy sector, we used the data from the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of an industrial transformation process and experimented with three external cost evaluation methods. This paper is a presentation of the results obtained. The first part outlines the three external cost evaluation methods and presents the way we used them. The second part presents the results obtained. The third part discusses the relevance of external costs in a corporate decision making context.