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The recent introduction of lower compression ratio engines and the concurrent marketing of unleaded and low-lead content gasolines of generally lower octane number made it appropriate to investigate the interrelationships of engine performance and gasoline octane quality using the “new” engines and fuels. Programs were carried out to compare fuel economy and acceleration performance of eight matched pairs of 1970 and 1971 automobiles. In addition, octane requirements were obtained on 43 1971 cars with 3,000-12,000 deposit miles. A total of 146 unleaded, low-lead, and leaded regular gasolines obtained at service stations throughout the country were analyzed, and the road octane performance of these gasolines was determined using 1970 and 1971 cars designed for regular gasoline.

Of all the automobile safety studies made, one that has received much attention is tire design. Comfort, service life, and reliability have been the guideposts in the development of better and safer tires. The investigation of the forces that affect reliability is the subject of this paper, and emphasis is placed on determination of the parameters at the particular area where tire and road are in contact.

The subject of the engine for recreational vehicles is approached first as the selection and installation of the engine in units such as the snowmobile and A.T.V.s. This is to aid the vehicle's engineer in selecting and adapting an engine to his project. Then engine design is considered; particularly, McCulloch's balanced power engine with its mechanical balance system.

Snowmobile use and environment dictates many mechanical innovations in the cylinder, electrical, fuel supply, and drive systems. The end result, and the reasons behind each successive component mutation, are studied as is the present product; evolved by Yamaha from the more familiar motorcycle configuration and developed into a specialized engineering balance which satisfies a particular segment of our transportation system.

With increased complexity of new equipment, introduced to the west coast logging industry, it has become necessary to reevaluate machinery control techniques. Proper coordination of clutch and brake application is very critical. The old methods of control are not adequate. Through the use of carefully designed logic systems, maintenance-free programmed controls may be produced to completely regulate all operating characteristics of the machines The operator will need little training. His work will be simplified and he will be required to make fewer decisions.

The lightweight gas turbine engine, which was originally a development of and for the aircraft industry, is finding increasing use in the propulsion of small marine craft. With the inception of this trend, problems peculiar to marine gas turbine applications soon became apparent. This paper deals with some of those problems and their solutions.

This paper will briefly outline the pressures noted by industry regarding pollution and operating costs, and the progressive developments which are being made to eliminate dumping metal working lubricants, and a decrease in operating costs.

Imbibitive polymer particles are quite effective in their ability to imbibe hydrocarbon fluids and vapors. Also, valuable imbibed oils can be recovered from the polymer by solvent exchange. It is evident that imbibitive polymers will not solve all of our increasing pollution problems, but it may be helpful in solving some.

Over the past 15 years, a large amount of effort has been devoted to the development of sampling and analytical techniques to measure the gaseous components of vehicle exhaust. Development of these techniques has been a long, time-consuming process, requiring definition of all factors that can affect accuracy, reproducibility, and the meaningfulness of the test results. In spite of all this activity, further changes and improvements in the test procedures are still being implemented. In contrast, the amount of activity spent in developing methods for determining the quantity and composition of particulate matter in vehicle exhaust has been quite small. There is, at present, no clear definition of what is considered particulate matter in vehicle exhaust. Further, there is no procedure for determining the total particulate emission rate from cars, or a defined test cycle for rating of cars. However, particulate emission control standards are being considered for 1975.

Thermoset powder coatings for metal decoration and other uses are the subject of this paper. The state-of-the-art in Europe and the United States are discussed. Uses of epoxy resin, its advantages, and disadvantages are reviewed, as well as the methods of application. The possibilities for acrylics, polyesters, and polyurethanes as powder binders are explored. Comparative costs of European and America operations are provided, and indications of the rapid growth of the industry are obtained from tabulations of consumption rates and expanding markets.

Direct glazing of automobile fixed glass is gaining wider production usage in Europe. Objections on cost grounds are being overcome. New systems and compounds are being developed and employed. The thermoelectric system, with its ease of handling and installation, and lack of associated cleanup problems, seems to be the most popular method in use.

The single flank test measures the transmission error of a gear pair. The transmission error curve indicates the profile error (as described in the Gleason tooth contact analysis), and also pitch and eccentricity errors. The method is therefore valuable, not only for hypoid gear development, but also for inspection or quality control.

Through the years, the motor coach is fast becoming a new way of life. This paper will tend to highlight the progress which has developed with ingenuity. Today, the motor coach is a self-contained, motor driven home, complete with all the necessary conveniences, and in some cases, even the luxuries. It is finding a way in our everyday living as people seek more leisure time and as families anticipate traveling together.

The low-temperature pumpability performance of multigrade engine oils was evaluated in several United States and European engines. Test oils included both experimental formulations and commercial service station oils; test temperatures ranged between -20 and 0 F. The time for oil to reach engine rocker arms after startup at -15 F and -20 F was not related to low-temperature lubricant properties such as pour point and Brookfield viscosity. Pumpability (that is, oil gallery pressurization rate) of the oils improved markedly in successive cold-temperature starts, probably because of fuel dilution and shearing of microstructures in the oil. Engine design features can significantly affect pumpability performance.

A study of the low-temperature pumpability of multigrade motor oils was conducted to answer questions raised by car manufacturers and fleet operators in northern regions of the United States and Canada. It is shown that the oil's pumpability can be predicted with the use of a tilt can pour test. This test, in turn, was used to evaluate the effects of V.I. improver type and concentration, pour depressant, and field service on pourability.

The rate of heat release analysis of combustion processes in a diesel engine, derived from a knowledge of cylinder pressure time records, has now developed to be an effective tool for considering and evaluating the progress of these processes for research and development purposes. This paper examines some of the main errors and assumptions normally associated with the calculation of apparent rates of combustion heat release in engines, and suggests ways to improve the accuracy of these calculations.

Room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone sealants are discussed in-terms of the curing chemistry and the relation of the chemistry to the physical properties. Individual properties such as adhesion and modulus characteristics and their relations to overall sealant performance are also discussed. The paper describes a new group of silicone sealants having properties such as high strength, “knotty tear,” primerless adhesion, noncorrosiveness to copper, flame retardancy, and low modulus; pressure-sensitive adhesives are also discussed. These newly developed properties, coupled with the excellent performance characteristics of silicones and the ideal handling properties of RTV sealants, account for the increasing utilization of silicones in applications once served exclusively by organic sealants.

This paper was prepared after a brief survey of the scavenging systems development, from the birth of the diesel 2-stroke cycle and after a similar report of the research methods. The results are described of the research carried out by Fiat on the scavenging of the 2-stroke large-bore engines. A report is also given of the results obtained through lab tests at the Fiat Gas Dynamics Labs, and on the full-size engines, which makes it possible to follow the evolution of the Fiat scavenging, mainly during the last 30 years. These test results were then compared with the ones obtained, the method of research being the same, with other well-known 2-stroke diesel engines scavenging systems.

Radioactive oils were run in a laboratory V8 engine to determine the effects of viscosity and volatility on oil consumption. Using a tritium tracer method, very precise oil consumption rate measurements were obtained. The consumption rates of 14 test oils, blended from two crude sources, were measured at different engine speed and load conditions. To compare test oils run on different days, a computerized multiple regression analysis was required to compensate for daily variations in oil consumption. Another computer-aided statistical analysis related oil consumption rates to viscosity and volatility. Both hypothetical and empirical equations were used. Field tests were run to obtain a correlation with the laboratory test. Volatility was found to be the most important single characteristic affecting oil consumption. Smaller and less consistent consumption differences between oils were found in the field tests than in the laboratory engine.

The objectives for this all new small car included: Mini compact size Low cost of ownership based on initial price, fuel consumption, reliability, durability and serviceability Product superiority over other sub-compacts in appearance, comfort and features, ride and handling, and performance. To meet these objectives, it was necessary to design and develop a unique unitized body, new seats, front suspension, steering, manual transmission, optional overhead cam engine and many other new components. The design of these components to meet the objectives is discussed as well as resolution of some of the development problems that occurred.