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The development of advanced technologies in a dynamic and competitive market has required vehicle manufacturers to launch new models with a short time to market and a larger number of functionalities. For this reason, there has been an increase in the number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in modern vehicles. T he huge amount of data related to artifacts produced during the development of these automobiles (e.g., requirements, design models, simulations, tests, fault documentation, etc.) are generally created by several teams, including teams from different companies due to OEM-Supplier relationships and consequently stored in various locations and databases. Only part of the faults found in automotive software are covered by the planned tests. The rest of the faults are correlated with unforeseen operating conditions, integration with other vehicle components or even degradation.

Emerging technologies are making hybrid vehicles more popular in today’s world, in which sustainability and reduced carbon emissions are primary development requisites. These vehicles satisfy these demands by combining an internal combustion engine with an electric motor, together providing the power needed for movement to happen. Understanding how the power from each source is combined and used is the basis to select the combustion engine and the electric motor. Moreover, its advantages relative to a combustion-only vehicle can be compared. In this paper we investigate the powertrain of different types of hybrid vehicles. They are compared to combustion-only vehicles regarding engine size and transmission systems, as well as fuel consumption. This study provides an understanding of how hybridization affects the design parameters of the powertrain and its impacts on the future of mobility.

This paper presents a Well-to-Wheels (WTW) analysis of equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2eq) emissions in different scenarios of replacement of a conventional taxi fleet by electric vehicles. Two battery electric vehicles and one hybrid electric vehicle were used in the comparison with the conventional vehicle fleet. A numeric model was developed to evaluate CO2eq emissions in the fuel production, electricity supply, and vehicle operation phases. Gasoline and sugarcane ethanol were considered as fuels for the conventional and hybrid electric vehicles. Six scenarios of conventional vehicles replacement by electric vehicles in the taxi fleet were evaluated. The results showed that the replacement of nearly 13% of the current taxi fleet of a major city by the three electric vehicle models considered in the analysis could reduce CO2eq emissions by about 6%. If the entire fleet was replaced in a 5 years period, CO2eq emission could reach a reduction up to 82%.

The work developed on this paper aims to compare different methods to evaluate bolted joints using finite element models. It will cover the theoretical background as well as the tools developed to improve the model creation process. The tools described on this paper comprises of scripts to automatically recognize holes on solid and shell meshes and create bolt connections as solid or 1D/0D elements, accordingly to the user needs. The solid bolt models are created together with all the information needed for the creation of the solver input deck and also the measuring surfaces used on post-processing evaluation. The reduction in modelling set up time increases with the number of bolted joints, being extremely efficient in large assembly models. This paper will also cover the method to evaluate the output from those bolted joints. This will include a study on fatigue as well as the contact formulations used on the solver algorithms.

Industry 4.0, in addition to simple digitization itself, proposes the development of a complex innovation chain based on the combination of multiple technologies that inevitably forces companies to rethink all of their maintenance, business and process management methods. The use of artificial intelligence, in turn, through techniques of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) enables the construction of unsupervised mathematical and statistical systems capable of managing, diagnosing and acting on maintenance and fault detection systems. It was proposed in this work a discussion about the identification of the fault criticality condition in each load category in an internal combustion engine through the use of a neuron map.

The paper presents a trend of vehicles connected to the internet, adding connected features related to the customers and its impact inside vehicle lead-acid battery health. Lead acid battery work in internal combustion engine context as the power source to crank vehicle and allow usage of vehicle electrical features with engine off, as example: use the infotainment system with engine off. It’s not rare to observe field issues, characterized as dead battery, that customer cannot crank the vehicle, causing dissatisfaction, few cases caused by some loads kept on with engine off.

Diesel vehicle market have been recognized the need for change. In order to meet the strengthened emission regulations, innovative combustion technologies that can maintain power and improve fuel efficiency are becoming important solutions for diesel engines. This study deals with the goal of homogeneous combustion formation through changes in injection angle of conventional diesel engines. The conventional diesel engines show local combustion and has the limitation of generating exhaust gas including wall wetting phenomena. On the other hand, the appropriate injection angle optimization for the piston bowl shape can reduce wall wetting and form a homogeneous mixture overall in combustion. This study used 1D thermodynamic simulation to validate the conventional 4-cylinder diesel engine and compared to the test results to obtain modeling accuracy.

Due to the increasing computational power, significant progress has been made over the past decades when it comes to CAD, multibody and simulation software. The application of this software allows to develop products from scratch, or to investigate the static and dynamic behavior of multibody models with remarkable precision. In order to keep the development costs low for highly sophisticated products, more precisely motorcycle rider assistance systems, it is necessary to focus extensively on the virtual prototyping using different software tools. In general, the interconnection of different tools is rather difficult, especially when considering the coupling of a detailed multibody model with a simulation software like MATLAB Simulink. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the performance of a motorcycle rider assistance algorithm using a cosimulation approach between the free multibody software called FreeDyn and Simulink based on a sophisticated multibody motorcycle model.

Amid the increasing demand for higher efficiency in combustion driven handheld tools, the recent developments in electric machine technology together with the already existing benefits of small combustion engines for these applications favor the investigation of potential advantages in hybrid powertrain tools. This concept-design study aims to use a fully parametric, system-level simulation model with exchangeable blocks, created with a power-loss approach in Matlab and Simulink, in order to examine the potential of different hybrid configurations for different tool load cycles. After the model introduction, the results of numerous simulations for 36 to 100 cc engine displacement will be presented and compared in terms of overall system efficiency and overall powertrain size. The different optimum hybrid configurations can show a reduction up to 30 % in system’s brake specific fuel consumption compared to the baseline combustion engine driven model.

Use of Supercapacitor with Li-ion Battery as an Energy Storage System (ESS) for a two wheeler can be implemented in a variety of configurations with the aim to improve the cycle life of Li-ion batteries by decreasing the current transients they are subjected to, and to increase the peak power capability of the Power pack. MATLAB/SIMULINK tool is used as simulation software to model the Road Profile, Vehicle, Electric Powertrain and the Hybrid ESS (HESS). In this paper, the effect of different topologies of HESS and effect of degree of hybridization is analyzed w.r.t. current profile, voltage profile and State of Charge (SOC). Results show that use of HESS for Electric two wheeler in place of battery decreases the Peak/RMS Current experienced by the battery with corresponding improvement in battery life.

The pattern of utilizing the water/diesel emulsion fuels in engines had been given great importance due to its ecological and exhaustion of petroleum reserves. This investigation displays the impact of 1,4-dioxane emulsified fuel on performance and emissions at various operating pressures. 1,4-dioxane emulsified fuel (DWSD10) was prepared with 10% 1,4-dioxane, 10% water, 0.2% surfactant and 79.8% diesel. To estimate the engine performance and emissions, the engine was operated with 180 bar, 200 bar and 220 bar operating pressures and the output was equated with diesel fuel operating on normal pressure of 200 bar. BTE of 1,4-dioxane emulsified fuel at 220 bar was higher when compare with diesel fuel. CO, HC and BSEC were lower at 220 bar on par with diesel fuel. However, NOx was increases for the higher operating pressure. Overall, except NOx, at higher injection pressure (@220 bar) the 1,4-dioxane emulsified fuel outperforms the diesel fuel in terms of emission and performance.

The enormous need of effective transportation creates an unavoidable situation in automobile industries to improve and maintain safety systems in vehicles. In crisis, brake disc of the braking system plays a vital role in effective braking of the vehicle. The main objective of this proposed study is to design a disc with two different groove patterns and a material with two different compositions. By using solidworks, a brake disc with proper slots and groove pattern (J hook and square groove) was designed for improved bite, debris, clearance, reduced distortion / vibration and effective heat transfer through convection process. In which two different materials namely zinc based Aluminium Alloy (AA8011) and its composite (AA8011 (5 wt% B4C +3 wt% Gr)) are considered after heat treatment (T6) as disc materials. The properties are measured and given as input data set in ansys workbench for further processing.

In recent times, Battery electric vehicles (BEV) have gained a lot of popularity since they can contribute immensely to control the urban air pollution. However, to consider the BEVs as a sustainable mobility solution, a significant improvement is needed in several aspects including performance, range, cost, weight and recharging time. In the present work, the acceleration performance of an electric vehicle is improved to match with its diesel variant by optimizing the accelerator pedal map strategy. Due to weight and cost constraints, the battery and electric machine capacity of the electric variant of the vehicle was considerably lower (41 % lesser power and 44% lesser torque). However, the expectation from the customers is to have no noticeable difference in the low-end performance feel between the variants.

In the present article, structural spring characteristics of two different Belleville springs are analyzed to overcome a failure issue in an automatic shift transmission clutch system. The spring design is evaluated through explicit dynamics analysis by finite element modelling and validated by DIN 2093 standard. Automatic shift transmissions that are used in off-highway vehicles are employed with multi-plate wet clutch system to actuate the planetary gears. These clutches are actuated through automatic transmission fluid that are supplied through flow channels. The clutch piston is moved axially by fluid pressure against the clutch pack and Belleville spring thereby transfers torque. Meanwhile, the clutch piston is retracted by the spring force once the fluid pressure is cut off. The spring is designed in such a way that during the energizing mechanism, positive spring stiffness is maintained.

This paper presents a proposed space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) controller for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The Space vector pulse width modulation controller is used for power loss, torque ripple minimization of this type of motors. The proposed controller is a newly applied of Belt starter generator (BSG). The dynamic response of the BSG with the proposed controller is studied during the starter and generator modes with desired torque and speed with the optimal Id, Iq current input. The effectiveness of the proposed space vector pulse width modulation is then analyzed with Field oriented control (FOC) characteristics in the BSG operating system. The analysis results are presented to demonstrate the characteristics and effectiveness of the proposed control techniques.

In this paper, the study of plastic bonded magnetic material is studied for the surface adhesion of the material on to the surface of a metal cup. The bonded magnetic material is formed as a mixture of plastic material blended with ferrite or NdFeB Magnetic powder. The amount of magnetic material used is confined to the magnetic property of the magnetic powder that can exhibit the required magnetic performance as higher rotational speed and higher temperature. The magnet is injection moulded onto the outer circumference of the metal cup. The magnet is bonded onto the metal surface which is of cup shape and this assembly is magnetized to form a multipole magnet. This multipole magnet is designed to withstand high centrifugal force during the magnet rotation at higher rpm say 40000 rpm.

Fundamental frequency determination can help us to find where the resonance will happen. The need of dynamics characteristic is one of the major concerns to find the natural frequency. This paper aims to find the natural frequency of a laminated composite plate and optimizing the plate to get maximum frequency. Finding the optimum design by experimentally are more expensive. To avoid the complications now a days the researchers are using computational method. The present work offering an approach to design optimization of a composite plate with FEA tool and to achieve different combinations of objective using Design of Experiment (DOE) and the maximization of the fundamental natural frequency by using ANSYS Design explorer.

This research paper is dealing with development of a Hybrid Exhaust muffler with four different shell configurations (Internal design unaltered) and investigated the impact on noise performance and quality (perceived). Noise performance has been evaluated by measurement of Pass by Noise and near exhaust noise Level on a typical 16T -6-speeds transmission Truck. The experimental activity conducted based on DOE approach. From this study, it observed single shell with lower thickness have the poor NVH performance and perceived quality as well. Shell or booming noise is also observed with this configuration. Double shell with Ceramic blanket (throughout the length) sandwich configuration exhibited the best performance though this design is most expensive among the four mufflers.

Safety is a major concern addressed in various industries and most specifically in transportation industries. Road accidents are undoubtedly more frequent and are responsible for many permanent disabilities deaths worldwide. Many works have been done to improve the safety of different vehicles as the number of accidents is increasing. The main objective of this work is to further improve road safety by providing instantaneous warnings to drivers about hazards in their intended path in hilly region. This further it aims to provide a pleasant and peaceful hill travel and to avoid any possibility of accidents in hill curves. The roads in these hilly regions are always filled with many hectic and endless curves. These curves are classified into Hair-Pin Curves, Salient Curves and Re-entrant Curves. These curves offers partial or no visibility about the incoming traffic for the drivers.

Overheating of the brake disc is a major concern in the brake performance. Overheating is the main cause of a reduction in braking efficiency, especially if a vehicle is fully loaded. The heat dissipation rate for Solid rotors is very low. In order to increase the heat dissipation rate, the disc must be used with ventilation provided on it. Further in ventilated disc rotors, the ribs in between the rotors provide cooling. The ribs allow the flow of heat and pull out the air in between the rotors for efficient cooling. In this research, four different brake disc namely, Solid Disc (SL), Cross-drilled disc (CD), Cross-slot disc (CS) and Hybrid disc (CD-CS-SG) which is a combination of Cross drilled and slot with side groove have been analyzed at various brake conditions in the form of heat generation and thermal stresses.