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The prediction procedure for the instantaneous radiative heat flux from the flame to the wall in a diesel engine combustion chamber is presented. By regarding the unsteady flame in a diesel engine as quasi-steady, the results obtained in experiments on radiative heat transfer in steady confined flames are applied. The concept of effective excess air ratio which controls the luminous flame radiation and which is strongly related to the fuel properties is introduced. The calculation is easily carried out by using pressure, heat release rate, effective excess air ratio, overall excess air ratio, and a simple model for temperature. A very good agreement is obtained between calculation and the experiment.

AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM from Purdue University is developing a comprehensive set of educational materials for agricultural safety and health for OSHA, of the U. S. Department of Labor. The team from the Purdue school of Agriculture, school of Veterinary Medicine, and the school of Humanities, Social Science and Education are working for a year and a half to gather and catalog all existing safety materials, and to produce new ones to meet nationwide needs. The project was begun on July 1, 1974 and is scheduled to be completed by December 31, 1975. The project team includes John B. Liljedahl, professor of agricultural engineering, project leader; Avery H. Gray, assistant department head, 4-H and Youth; William H. Hamilton, agricultural education; David H. Loewer, Extension agricultural engineer; David L. Matthew, Extension Entomologist; Vernon B. Mayrose, Extension animal scientist; Ken Weinland, Extension veterinarian; Bruce A. McKenzie, Extension agricultural engineer; James L.

Engineers have an opportunity to develop pesticide application equipment that will help prevent unreasonable adverse effects of pesticides on the environment, including humans. Recent and continuing federal regulations on uses of pesticides emphasize legal requirements for specific methods of pesticide application. Also the regulations incite development of pesticide application techniques that would allow restricted use pesticide product labels to be changed to the general use classification. The product could then be used by the general public, as opposed to only those certified as competent to use the otherwise restricted product.

An engine test has been developed which differentiates the cleanliness characteristics of two-cycle lubricants. This test procedure utilizes an air-cooled Yamaha motorcycle engine and is run using a cyclic operating procedure for 20 hours. Test severity in the ring belt area is controlled by combustion chamber temperatures and fuel consumption rates. Utilizing these techniques, programs were conducted which were directed to the development of improved two-cycle lubricants using the present BIA TC-W(1, 2)* reference oil as a baseline. The effects of various parameters of lubricant formulation were determined including concentration effects of the additive presently used in the TC-W reference, bright stock content, and the use of supplementary additives.

A family of four scrapers has been developed to provide operational versatility while emphasizing physical commonality. The wide variety of operational requirements encountered by scrapers, were considered and related to the basic type of scraper best suited for the particular conditions. Many vehicle systems were designed to provide maximum commonality between the single and dual engine, open bowl and elevating machines. Various new features were developed to improve vehicle performance and ease of operation.

The study of scavenge flow in two-cycle engines is of great importance in the development of that type of internal combustion engine and has been extensively covered by numerous researchers over the last half -century. Alfred Jante in SAE paper 680468 suggested an indirect and comparative test for the assessment of scavenge flow which he, and others, have shown to be both a simple and extremely relevant technique. The acquisition and reduction of data for this experimental method proved to be laborious and time consuming, and it is the purpose of this paper to show that it is possible to eliminate these tedious aspects by automation of both data recording and processing. This is described and examples of its usage are given.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of Kohler Company's Small-Engine Noise Test Program. Particular emphasis will be placed on noise instrumentation and analysis techniques. The paper will not dwell on the specifics of each noise study technique, but will be an overview, describing the evolution of Kohler's Noise Test Program in general.

There seems to be a general consensus prevailing in the engineering community that conversion to S.I. metric units of measure poses no problems. If charts showing metric equivalents are evaluated, this appears to be the case. However, as Metrication is analyzed from the viewpoint of thinking in metrics and performing calculations entirely in metrics, various standards, procedures, and techniques must be followed. For this reason, familiarity with metric units is gained by associating them with physical sizes and quantities plus making everyday calculations in S.I. metric units.

Formed-in-place gasketing is a versatile concept, which offers cost reduction and improved sealing performance in small engines. Easily automated, the process can lower both material and labor costs in high volume production. The concept itself is simple. A paste-consistency silicone rubber is applied to the flange area of the parts to be sealed. The parts are then assembled, and the silicone paste is squeezed into every area to fill large or small gaps between the mating surfaces as the parts are drawn together. The paste then cures to form a durable rubber seal which is stable from -100 to 450 F.

Electrical techniques for field testing storage batteries have been traditionally based upon measuring static voltage. Examples include measurements of: (1) Open circuit cell and terminal voltage; (2) Terminal voltage during “discharge-charge” cycling -- the so-called “421 test”; (3) Terminal voltage during high rate discharge -- the common “load test”. Although each of these techniques has specific advantages, the load test has unquestionably been the most widely employed. Its utility is limited, however, by the large currents required. Apparatus to handle such currents is relatively heavy and cumbersome. Furthermore, a typical test consumes appreciable time and severely polarizes the battery. As a consequence of the latter, load test voltages are not repeatable. This paper describes an alternate testing technique that correlates well with the load test but does not suffer these disadvantages.

The Melroe M-700 BOBCAT is a small capacity, rigid-frame, skid-steer front end loader. Two independent hydrostatic transmissions propel and steer the loader. A separate hydraulic system controls all the motions of the loader's boom and bucket. It is an extremely versatile vehicle, and is potentially useful in some environments hostile to humans. To accommodate these applications, a remote control system was designed and installed on a vehicle. This system allows the operator complete control of the vehicle from a remote location. Control line between the operator and vehicle is a multi-wire electrical cable. Major objectives accomplished were: 1. Remote control system installation with minimum modification to the basic vehicle. 2. Minimum changeover when switching between remote and on-board control. 3. Dead man concept in remote operation….i.e., hands off of controls returns all systems to off or stop condition.

Analytical models of piston movement, gas flow in the ring belt, and piston ring movement are described and integrated to form a system simulation which was implemented on a digital computer. Sample computer solutions are given to illustrate the models' usefulness in predicting the effect of design and operating variables upon specific performance characteristics. Suggested refinements to the system model are also discussed.

This paper presents unpublished data on new coating developments, new piston ring designs, and design considerations for the modern diesel engine. Data on the current state of the art of compression ring coatings along with technical data on new generation coatings are included as well as data on ring designs and/or design considerations which may be used to improve engine performance and life with respect to blow-by and oil control.

Crude oils with a wide range of properties were investigated for direct use as fuel in U. S. Army high-speed four-cycle diesel engines. Crude oil properties were divided into two groups; 1. those properties which would be of importance for short-term operational effects, and 2. those properties whose effects would manifest during longer-term operation. Effects of crude oil use on engine subsystem hardware such as fuel filters and fuel injection pumps were investigated. Performance and combustion data were determined using pre-cup and direct injection configurations of the single cylinder CLR diesel engine operating on various crude oils. Performance data, wear and deposition effects of crude oil use were obtained using the TACOM single cylinder diesel engine. Results of this investigation showed that a wide range of crude oils with proper selection and pretreatment are feasible emergency energy sources for U. S. Army four-cycle high-speed diesel engines.

This paper aims to demonstrate the importance of considering fuel production and utilisation as inter-related components of a single process - the conversion of natural chemical energy into a usable form in an economic manner. Taking automotive power generation as an example it is shown that this integrated approach can result in appreciable reductions in the rate of consumption of crude oil. If the alternative of producing automotive fuels from coal (using known technology) is examined, it becomes apparent that both the gasoline engine and diesel engine should be replaced by the spark assisted diesel engine in the interests of energy economy.

An experimental program was conducted by the Energy Research & Development Administration's Bartlesville (Okla.) Energy Research Center to determine the effect on exhaust emissions and fuel economy when methanol is added to conventional motor fuel, that is, gasoline. Ten 1974 and 1975 model vehicles were used in the study. Ambient temperature was varied from 20° to 100°F to determine temperature effects while using methanol/gasoline blends. Emissions were generally modified as a consequence of the fact that the addition of methanol to gasoline alters both the fuel vapor pressure and the stoichiometry of the air-fuel mixture. Fuel economy was generally decreased by methanol addition. Moderate mileage accumulation using 10% methanol fuel showed no deterioration either in emissions control or of fuel-related engine components. Driveability differences between methanol 10% blends and gasoline were detectable but were judged not to be objectionable.

Automatic/adaptive controls for large earthmoving equipment have been developed, and have proven to be effective in improving the performance of these machines while reducing the skill required of the operators. These controls speed up earthmoving tasks, make it easier for the machines to work at night, and contribute to lower construction costs. Controls suitable for motor graders, scrapers and bulldozers have been demonstrated.

Mining oil shale in Colorado for the first commercial oil shale venture has been optimized by Colony in terms of the best mining method and equipment available today. A discussion of the progress toward optimization of mining by Colony and others and of the nature and extent of Oil shale in Colorado and Utah; leads into a recitation of the potential for improvements. Some of the problems of the “yet to be” oil shale industry, with a look at yesterday, the status and activity of the industry today and the promise of tomorrow; provide useful information for the uninitiated.

This paper discusses the history of the Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada, from the time of their discovery in 1788 to the present. These oil sands extend over 30,000 swuare miles and are equal to half of the world's known “conventional” oil accumulations. Besides the history of the oil sands, the paper discusses the known processes available for excavation here, the problems faced because of the extreme cold weather (for example, what kind of fuels, lubricants, even vehicles themselves should be used?), and offers suggestions for successful cold weather operations.

The newly-established Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress has assessment programs on energy, food, health, materials, oceans, technology and world trade, transportation, and exploratory assessments. All programs were developed in response to Congressional requests. The Materials Program consists of assessments on Materials Information Systems, National Stockpile Policy, Resource Recovery, Materials Recycling and Reuse, Institutional Factors in Domestic Minerals Accessibility, and Materials Conservation Through Reduced Wastage.