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Lithium 12-hydroxystearate greases have set a high standard of excellence for multipurpose grease applications. A description is given of recent improvements made in metal wetting and protection against corrosion in the presence of free water. A moderate increase in load carrying properties is also mentioned. A brief mention is made regarding future multipurpose automotive greases. Several promising high melting organic grease thickeners and nonmelting inorganic grease thickeners are available that should increase the high temperature ceiling of multipurpose automotive greases considerably. A comparison is made between the lithium 12-hydroxystearate greases and a new nonmelting inorganic microgel grease which is currently undergoing field trials as a multipurpose automotive grease.

This paper describes a control mechanism which automatically operates engines in the laboratory according to schedules characteristic of their operation on the road and which permits the evaluation of several fuel-lubricant performance factors in a single engine procedure. The results obtained with a test procedure using this control equipment have been checked against data from road tests and the comparison is presented in this paper.

This is a nontechnical account of some of the statistical design techniques appropriate for complex studies that have been developed in the last fifteen years. It has been prepared for the national meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers in Detroit on January 11, 1960. The Society preprints the papers for the meeting. Subsequently the paper is either published in full in the Society's Annual Transactions or a detailed abstract in the monthly Journal.

Icing is a major hazard for aviation safety. Over the last decades an additional risk has been identified when flying in clouds with high concentrations of ice-crystals where ice accretion may occur on warm parts of the engine core, resulting in engine incidents such as loss of engine thrust, strong vibrations, blade damage, or even the inability to restart engines. Performing physical engine tests in icing wind tunnels is extremely challenging, therefore, the need for numerical simulation tools able to accurately predict ICI (Ice Crystal Icing) is urgent and paramount for the aeronautics industry, especially regarding the development of new generation engines (UHBR = Ultra High Bypass Ratio, CROR = Counter rotating Open Rotor, ATP = Advanced Turboprop) for which analysis methods largely based on previous engines experience may be less and less applicable. The European research project MUSIC-haic has been conceived to fill this gap and has started in September 2018.

WELL-DESIGNED diesel engines in good repair, the author says, need not smoke while being operated on normal fuel if they are prevented from being overloaded. Unfortunately, he points out, with many types of current injection equipment, effective prevention of overloading over the entire speed range involves a reduction of the low-speed torque; in other words, sacrificing part of the lugging ability of the engine. The author makes the following suggestions to eliminate smoke: 1. For correcting a normally smoky exhaust, the smoke should first be diagnosed. 2. To eliminate hot smoke the mixing of the fuel and air should be improved. 3. To eliminate cold smoke ignition must be speeded up.

Particulate emissions of a two-stroke chainsaw engine were collected under controlled conditions in a test bench using a dilution tunnel for sampling. Two different types of gasolines and lubricating oils and the effect of exhaust after-treatment catalyst were studied. Particulate bound PAH:s and mutagenicity of the collected samples were determined. The particulates were found to originate mainly from the lubricating oil. There was a good correlation between the particulate bound PAH:s and the mutagenicity of the soluble organic fraction of the particulates. The amount of SOF was > 95% and originated mainly from lubricating oil. The catalyst performed more effectively with totally non-aromatic gasoline and synthetic lubricating oil than with reformulated gasoline with aromatics < 35 vol-% and mineral oil based lubricating oil.

The aim of this paper is to stimulate thought on how to accomplish the greatest possible economy in transportation over highways. The fundamental thought is that the expense of highway transportation involves a large number of items that can be grouped into those directly concerned with motor-truck operation and those involving the highway, and that highways and motor vehicles should be adapted mutually so that the greatest economy of transportation will result. Urging that the automotive and the road engineer cooperate in gathering information that will give them a more definite basis upon which to design the truck and the road, the present rapid destruction of roads is discussed and remedial measures suggested. The designing of motor trucks to conserve the roads is treated at some length and a plea for cooperation between the Society and the highway officials is made.

This paper describes the mathematical modeling of occupant kinematics in rollover accidents using the MVMA 2-D occupant motion simulation software. What little information is available on the kinematics of vehicle occupants during rollover accidents has been obtained either after the fact by accident reconstruction or by expensive experimentally-staged events. The paper describes the use of less expensive analytical techniques to graphically illustrate the applicability of occupant motion simulation computer models to this problem.

This paper describes further developments of the MVMA-2D model including program modifications of the air bag and the energy absorbing steering assembly submodels. The air bag submodel and the steering assembly submodel in the MVMA-2D crash victim simulation are independently formulated. No coupling exists between these two submodels to permit simulation of the kinematics of an anthropomorphic dummy restrained by a driver air bag restraint system mounted on a collapsible steering column. The development effort of integrating both submodels to provide the MVMA-2D model with such a capability is presented. The integrated model has been successfully utilized in simulating dynamic responses, in frontal impact situations, of a dummy restrained by a driver air bag restraint system mounted on a collapsible steering column. Validations of the model were made by comparing simulation results with experimental test data.

This paper describes a Heavy Truck Round Robin Brake Test involving three test vehicles at ten different proving grounds. The purpose of the program was to evaluate the practicality and repeatability of the test procedure proposed by the ABS Test Procedure Task Force of the Heavy Truck Subcommittee of the Motor Vehicle Safety Research Advisory Committee to NHTSA and to compare surface friction characteristics of dry high Mu and wet low Mu (coal tar emulsion sealed) test surfaces at different proving grounds.

Mass is one important suspicious object for breast cancer diagnosis in mammograms. Computer-aided detection (CAD) based on fully supervised deep learning achieves high performance for mass detection in mammograms. The lack of fine-grained expert labels becomes the bottleneck for the large-scale application of CAD to achieve detection in mammograms. Weakly supervised methods provide a solution to tackle the annotation problems, including in the application for mass detection. However, previous works face the problem of insufficient localization information, which affect the ability of mass detection. In this paper, we propose a multi-view enhancing mass detection network (MVMDNet) with dual view inputs that contains craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) view of mammograms, where different view features are interacted and fused to enhance localization information.

Integration of Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) into future aircraft presents significant challenges. Principally, the need for generating and managing copious amounts of power into the Megawatt class is foreseen. Probably, the most critical and challenging area for supporting a DEW system on an aircraft is the Megawatt Class Electric Power System (MCEPS) and its associated Thermal Management Systems (TMS). MCEPS converts the aircraft fuel’s chemical energy into useable power for the load or system and the TMS disposes of the waste energy, all within the extremely challenging constraints (volume, weight, EMI, etc.) For the purposes of our studies, the MCEPS consists of the following subsystems: Engine, Power Generation, Power Conditioning, Distribution, Control, and Protection. The TMS manages Component Heat Extraction, Thermal Energy Storage, and Waste Heat disposal.

Motoren-Werke Mannheim AG (MWM) has designed a new series of V-type engines incorporating 6, 8, 12 and 16 cylinders. By means of careful component optimization for higher firing pressures, to be explained on the basis of a few examples, it was possible to increase the standard vehicle output by 63 % and the maximum output available for special vehicles by 100 % while maintaining the external dimensions of the previous series. Consequently, the values achieved for output per volume as well as weight per HP make these engines suitable for many different uses in vehicles up to 1088 HP and a few examples will also be given. The low fuel consumption over the whole operating range is of particular importance in this connection.

Motoren-Werke Mannheim AG has designed a new series of in-line 4 stroke cycle Diesel engines with 2, 3, 4 and 6 cylinders in naturally aspirated and, except the 2-cylinder engine, turbocharged version. Although the new design would have allowed to increase the displacement, the 105 mm bore and the 120 mm stroke as well as the external dimensions of the previous series were maintained. The explanation of the reasons for this decision is followed by a description how the increase of the performance range was achieved without enlarging the displacement. This involves mainly the load capacity of the engine components required by higher degrees of turbocharging and improved cooling. As installation in agricultural tractors is a main application the capability of the engine structure to be loaded by increased external torsional and bending moments was also an important requirement.

The importance of customer focus and integrating the customer into new product development is an objective we all embrace. Case Corporation h a s accomplished t h i s objective by defining a process for incorporating best practices in a systematic way combining methodology and tools in an organized program planning structure, which continuously involves the customer. This paper shows how the process will deliver a product that delights the customer.

THIS PAPER discusses the myths and fallacies regarding automation. According to the author, there is no such thing as an “automatic” factory, but merely degrees of automation. Advantages of automation are discussed in detail, especially in regard to productivity increases and labor displacement.