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Exhaust gas aftertreatment systems can, under certain conditions, create undesired chemical species as a result of their elimination reactions. A prime example of this is ammonia (NH3), which is not formed in the combustion reaction, but which can be formed within a three-way catalyst (TWC) when physicochemical conditions permit. The elimination of NOx in the TWC thus sometimes comes at the cost of significant emissions of NH3. Ammonia is a pollutant and a reactive nitrogen compound (RNC) and NH3 emissions should be analyzed in this context, alongside other RNC species. Examination of the literature on the subject published over the past two decades shows that ammonia, a species which is currently not subject to systematic emissions requirements for road vehicles in any market, is often identified as forming the majority of the RNC emissions under a range of operating conditions.

The effect of both soluble gum and insoluble particulate gum from the ageing of automotive diesel oil (ADO) has been investigated. The standard experimental procedure has been shown to be a limiting factor in the precision with which soluble gum in diesel fuels may be measured. Greater reproducibility was obtained by extending the steam jet bath heating period to two hours. Filtration characteristics were determined for both laboratory and automotive filtration media with particulate gum from naturally aged fuel and inorganic particulate matter from AC Fine Test Dust. The filtration characteristics were shown to be dependent both on the type of filtration medium and the properties of the particulate matter.

A heavy duty US 2010/Euro VI type emission control system typically consists of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), catalyzed soot filter (CSF), urea based selective catalytic NOx reduction (SCR) and NH3 slip control catalyst (AMOX - excluded for this study). The advent of the US 2014 Green House Gas (GHG) rules has established a limit for tailpipe N2O emissions for on-road heavy duty Diesel engines, thus creating new challenges for catalyst design and system/engine calibration. In this paper, we discuss the effects of both catalyst system design and engine calibration on the formation of N2O across SCR catalysts. This study consisted of system testing on engine, modeling and component reactor testing. These three tools were used to evaluate how NO2 to NOx ratio and ammonia to NOx ratio (ANR) affect N2O formation. The study showed that all of the reviewed factors affect tailpipe N2O emissions.

The permanently extending globalisation of production and the development of new outlets requires the creation of effective international logistical networks. At that it is impossible to transfer the evaluative and forming criteria, which are acceptable for advanced develop economics, without a further development on the new markets, for example in the states of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The purpose of given work is to receive the effective tool for optimal forming of recently created logistical networks. Primarily for this purpose the existing criteria are systematised and analysed for their applicability on the new economic spaces. Here the practical experience from the different, already working co-operation projects is used mostly. Also for studied criteria their efficiency or possibility of exception of those criteria, which carry strong geopolitical character, is researched.

The newest grades of hot rolled, high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, characterized by an ultrafine grain size (ASTM 11-13), exhibit an excellent combination of strength (50,000-80,000 psi yield strength) and ductility. Various formability tests demonstrate that these steels are highly formable in spite of their high strength. Compared to mild steels, plane strain and stretch deformation characteristics of HSLA steels are reduced by only 25-40%. In the drawing mode deformation, HSLA steels perform similarly to mild hot rolled steels. Because of higher strength, the ductility of sheared work-hardened edges is low and sensitive to inclusion shape. When sheared edge deformation is necessary, the cracking tendency can be substantially reduced by converting stringer inclusions into globules.

The Department of System Design Engineering of KAIT has focused on “Product Oriented Engineering Education (POEE)” in the student educational program since its establishment. An automobile is a good example for this subjective product due to its wide integration of the engineering and technologies. From this point of view, the KAIT became the first university participated in the Formula SAE® competition (FSAE) from Japan in 2000 and has been one of the leading universities in FSAE in Japan. Some of key design technologies applied on these FSAE cars from 2001(K01) to 2005(K05) are shown in this paper.

The Formula SAE Tire Test Consortium (FSAE TTC) was established to provide high quality tire data to participating FSAE teams for use in the design and setup of their racecars. Currently, data on ten different constructions of tires has been measured at Calspan's Tire Research Facility and distributed to all consortium members. In this paper we review the history of the FSAE TTC-the inception, organization and continuing operation of this all-volunteer effort. Details of tire testing will be explored, including the many options and constraints considered while designing the tire test matrix. Finally, a review of the measured data is provided. This includes a description of all the output channels and an overview of ways in which FSAE teams can make use of the data.

In the past, electrical wire specifications used for procurement in the aircraft industry, have either been military documents, or company specifications based on the military format. These typically define the “material” used in a particular wire design. The forthcoming Federal Aviation Administration's Wire Technical Standard Order (TSO), on the other hand, will be “performance” oriented. This necessarily deviates from industry's past experience. The rationale and advantages of the new requirements are discussed.

The prewar and wartime history of the lightweight four wheel drive in Japan and the postwar development originated since the Korean War are briefly explained. The features of the Japanese four wheel drive Toyota Land Cruiser as a sportsman's vehicle are discussed. The items discussed are mainly concerning mobility over rough terrain, namely, power, weight, and size. Such comfort and convenience items as riding, handling, and enclosure are described.

A new four-wheel drive automobile of contemporary styling has been developed and produced which shows considerable promise as a passenger-cargo-utility vehicle, with on-the-road agility and off-the-road mobility for pleasure, fun, and work. Among its several unique and interesting features is the independent suspension of the front driving axle.

This paper discusses a motor vehicle noise source identification technique designed for use during the SAE J986a or similar drive-by test procedure. It provides, by application of the Fourier Transform, the capability to obtain a narrowband (9.8 Hz) frequency resolution over an extended frequency range (0-10,000 Hz) at the peak vehicle noise level, a particular RPM, or a particular vehicle location in the test zone. Other features include corrections for the Doppler shift, averaging of noise tests, and subtraction of spectra of two separate noise tests from a component disconnect/reconnect procedure. The above analysis, in conjunction with the noise source isolation resulting directly from the disconnect procedure, identifies the major vehicle noise contributors in terms of their respective amplitudes and frequencies.

The “free access concept” is a unique transportation system created in response to a growing number of physical environments, identified as pedestrian precincts, in which walking is the primary mode of transit, and which, partially limit or completely preempt normal vehicular traffic. This concept is completely compatible with pedestrians and offers continuous operation with access to a moving vehicle at any point on the vehicle path, no standing in line at fixed stops, freedom from guideways and a detection system to prevent collisions with pedestrians or objects along the pathway. The fully automatic, battery-powered vehicles of the free access system are guided by a harmless buried signal wire. This paper presents the background and development of this transportation concept from the identification of the need through the design of a test vehicle and its first field evaluation in Battle Creek, Michigan.

MANN+HUMMEL has developed a centrifugal oil cleaner focused on the separation of soot from oil. The basic setup and operation principle of a free jet driven centrifugal oil cleaner and its integration into an engine oil system will be explained. The development was supported by a new simulation tool, which predicts the centrifugal cleaner performance using computer analysis. This includes both the prediction of rotor speed and particle separation. Additionally, MANN+HUMMEL performed a detailed rotor design analysis in order to reduce torque resistance, to improve environmental protection and reduce cost.

The present paper introduces the Free Piston Linear Generator (FPLG) - a compact electricity generation unit, which is being developed at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). It is designed as a free-piston combustion engine with integrated linear generator. This combination allows for highly efficient conversion of the chemical energy stored in a fuel to electrical energy. By combining a two stroke combustion chamber, a linear alternator and an adjustable gas spring the engine design results in a compact package. In comparison to conventional combustion engines, additional degrees of freedom are available for controlling the combustion process. In this context efficiency advantages are expected due to the missing mechanical link to a crank which leads to flexibility in terms of stroke and compression ratio. Applied as a range-extender-unit, the system provides additional electric energy to electric vehicles in case of discharged batteries.

The Free Piston Power Pack (FP3) represents a new concept in the design of free piston engines. The FP3 is a free piston engine with an integral generator for electrical power output. Its novel features are an integral compressor and a passive intake valve located in the head of the piston. These improvements eliminate undesirable problems that affect conventional free piston engine designs, such as piston ring wear and the need for an external compressor, and allow a significant increase in power density. The FP3 is designed to meet the highest levels of fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions performance in a compact size for use in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This paper describes the design of the FP3 and gives details of the operation and construction of a prototype.

The Comprex(R) is a pressure-wave supercharger (PWS) for passenger car diesel engines. It has many features which ideally suit it for the continually increasing demands on driveability, fuel economy and reduction of exhaust pollutants. To counter the disadvantages of the previously required belt drive, a free-running machine was developed. It is self driven by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gas; made possible by employing a rotor having reduced inertia. In addition to the well known Comprex features, this advanced development offers advantages such as rapid response, high efficiency, compactness and freedom in placement. The paper discusses the design of the free-running PWS, its construction, supercharging characteristics and preliminary experience.

The Freeze Cast Process for casting precision automotive and other parts, freezes water in rubber molds to make temporary ice patterns that can be invested in ceramic slurries to make a shell that can be filled with any molten metal. The resulting precision casting will be of tight dimensional tolerance, exhibit excellent surface finish and reproduce intricate detail so that parts obtained will require little or no machining. Parts can be produced at 35-50% of the cost of competing precision casting processes such as Lost Wax and Lost Foam, competing in price with sand castings.

Determining the arrival time for a freight train at a railroad crossing and how the train engineer could affect the arrival is a common question. This paper discusses the freight train brake system, the freight train makeup variables and considerations, and a method to calculate the freight train brake to stop time and distance. The pneumatic brake system, AB brake valve, air propagation rate, braking ratios, braking efficiencies, wheel/shoe adhesions, and the brake system development times are addressed. With the ability to calculate the change in speed, the freight train change in arrival time at a crossing can be determined.

Spring tandem suspensions fall into three basic categories with reference to their attachment to the frame. The Freightliner suspension is the three-point, four-spring type. This type has definite advantages in drive line articulation and has a further advantage in frame loadings. This paper points out the importance of suspension articulation with reference to drive line spline slip rather than the more common attention given to drive line angle parallelism. It further deals with the loads imparted into the frame by the suspension and deals specifically with the Freightliner three-point suspension.