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India is moving to Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) from 2019 significantly lowering particulate mass (PM) , particle number (PN) and Nitrogen Oxides NOx emissions limits, as well as Carbon Dioxide CO2. BSVI’s particulate limits will require the use of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), which will need to operate properly under the driving conditions prevalent in India. Furthermore, NOx and CO2 emissions control will include advanced combustion modes with advanced fuel injectiontechnologies based on high pressure fuel injection and smaller injector holes, in combination with active NOx reduction measures. These advanced technologies will increase sensitivity to fuel quality, so will require tighter control of sulfur content, water contamination, fuel stability, lubricity and corrosion. These are real challenges for the robustness and durability of strategies developed for BS-VI and beyond.

With the advent of the KIVA-4 code which employs an unstructured mesh to represent the engine geometry, the gap in flexibility between commercial and research modeling software becomes more narrow. In this study, we tried to perform a full cycle simulation of a 4-stroke HD diesel engine represented by a highly boosted research IF (Isotta Fraschini) engine using the KIVA-4 code. The engine mesh including the combustion chamber, intake and exhaust valves and helical manifolds was constructed using optional O-Grids catching a complex geometry of the engine parts with the help of the ANSYS ICEM CFD software. The KIVA-4 mesh input was obtained by a homemade mesh converter which can read STAR-CD and CFX outputs. The simulations were performed on a full 360 deg mesh consisting of 300,000 unstructured hexahedral cells at BDC. The physical properties of the liquid fuel were taken corresponding to those of real diesel #2 oil.

After 100 years experience in designing and producing cars, the automotive industry is at the point of changing the philosophy of car design and assembly. Plastics helped all the time to fullfill customer demands, comfort, regulations like weight reduction and safety standards. Engineering plastics will also help in the future to build cars based on modular systems. So the automotive designer can react very quickly to market changes on a low risk level. The use of engineering plastics will increase further in the direction of the full plastic car. It was about a hundred years ago that both the automotive and the chemical industry began to develop on the basis of small family businesses. Who would have thought at that time that they would one day cooperate as closely and as successfully as they do now?

This paper covers the theoretical advantage to be gained by designing transmissions with twin countershafts and the reasons for the chosen method of ensuring equal division of torque. A history of the development is given, together with an account of its present state and future projections. There is a detailed description of the construction and indications of the possibilities opened up by this novel design.

The development of beta alumina ceramic in terms of its function as an electrolyte and physical separator in sodium/sulphur cells is traced. Data which illustrate some of the problem areas associated with this material are discussed. The function of β alumina as a physical separator, and as a low resistance material is developed. In the performance area, the resistive effects, the electronic breakdown and the life of the electrolyte are discussed in detail. The authors reach the conclusion that the optimum performance of the β alumina electrolyte is dependent on its composition.

This paper introduces one functional safety development solutions of Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT) equipped with Position 2 (P2) hybrid control system, which mainly includes the concept development stage (only for selected part), the system development stage (only for selected part), the hardware development stage (only for selected part) and the software development stage (only for selected part). It is carried out based on ISO 26262 standard and the selected system topology (details can be found in the paragraph). In the concept development stage of the DCT equipped with P2 hybrid control system, the hazard analysis and risk assessment of the item will be carried out based on the selected objects according to defined working condition. Especially the hybrid transmission control features are analyzed. And the safety goals will be summarized according to the evaluation results.

The first level task among the tasks of analysis and synthesis of the control systems (CS) for multispeed transmissions (MT) is the organization of speed shifts process. The method of synthesis of electrohydraulic schemes of mechatronic CS, that is based on the theory of discrete logical devices is worked out by us (see SAE Tech. Pap. Ser. 2003-01-0319). It was shown, that there is a close relation between the structures of CS and MT. Therefore it is necessary to know the properties of MT as the object of control. The analysis of such properties is the subject of this paper. It is shown that the relation between CS and MT at the level of their structures may be described quite fully with help of three basic parameters of MT kinematics schemes: the number of freedom degrees, the number of control elements (CE), the number of speeds. The concept of generalized CS and MT is introduced.

The major features of the stratified charge engine with an auxiliary chamber are: (1) the mixture in the combustion chamber has concentration gradient due to the auxiliary chamber and (2) turbulent flame is injected into the main chamber. The objective of this research is to examine those effects upon the combustion characteristics and the burned gas composition. The characteristics of flame propagation were examined by using a series of schlieren photographs. A summary of the major conclusion of this research is given below: (1) The mixtures supplied in the main and the auxiliary chambers burn without mixing with each other. (2) The concentrations of HC and CO decrease as the closer the mixture in the auxiliary chamber approaches stoichiometry and the leaner the mixture in the main chamber.

“Flashing” is a process where high temperature liquids held in a subcooled state, explosively release large amounts of stored energy when depressurized. The rapid volume expansion that results from the flashing has been harnessed to drive an expansion engine working on a cycle called “The Superheated Liquid Flash, Boiling” (S.L.F.B) cycle. In cyclic operation, the expansion engine power output was seen to be directly related to the mass and temperature of the injected subcooled water. At low levels of subcooling, smaller masses of water were able to achieve higher levels of efficiency in converting the total enthalpy of injected subcooled water to work, than larger injection masses with the same level of subcooling. However, with higher levels of subcooling, smaller injection masses show a reduction in efficiency.

Many factors, including vehicle motion, temperature, humidity, atmospheric contamination, and noise level, influence the habitability, or ride comfort, of any vehicle. All of these factors must be considered in the design of an air cushion vehicle (ACV). This paper discusses the motion of the craft induced by traveling over a rough surface. This motion may be reduced by suitable design of the lift and skirt systems, to minimize pressure changes within the cushion.

In today's ever changing aviation community, the human contribution to accidents or mishaps can be minimized through the use of performance based training. The process of developing realistic performance based training has little to do with expenditures on the latest high tech equipment and software packages and everything to do with management's commitment to conducting a critical assessment of the individual vocation or job. Identification of the essential performance elements is necessary to develop a thoughtful, logical, and progressive training guide/syllabus and instructional strategy. A key component to performance based training is the extensive and appropriate use of the five senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste.

In 2009, an important aircraft manufacturer committed to the Temporary Business Association between S.A.S. Group S.r.l. and Bertolotti S.p.A. the realization of a military airlift Fuselage Trainer (FuT). ARES S.r.l. has been in charge of the project management (the CEO of SAS was the program manager), the technical office activities and the manual redaction. As outcome of the development of this project, the ALTAIR Consortium has been instituted by S.A.S. Group and ARES with the aim to join their skills and capabilities. Two other companies joined the consortium in 2011, so at now four companies are the partners of ALTAIR. The FuT is a training device - Level 2 designed in order to train the military loadmasters in the loading and unloading procedures with the aircraft systems operative as in the real aircraft.

This paper discusses a new method of protecting the automobile main feed circuit by the use of conventional wiring in the form of a fusible link. The new system is shown to be commercially practical and economically feasible. The fusible link has been introduced on all 1965 Chrysler Corp. cars.

We present a parametric analysis of electric vehicle (EV) adoption rates and the corresponding contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction in the US light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleet through 2050. The analysis is performed with a system dynamics based model of the supply-demand interactions among the fleet, its fuels, and the corresponding primary energy sources. The differentiating feature of the model is the ability to conduct global sensitivity and parametric trade-space analyses. We find that many factors impact the adoption rates of EVs. These include, in particular, policy initiatives that encourage consumers to consider lifetime ownership costs, the price of oil, battery performance, as well as the pace of technological development for all powertrains (conventional internal combustion engines included). Widespread EV adoption can have noticeable impact on petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by the LDV fleet.

The current situation and challenge for the future regarding the brake system in India is explained and compared with the history in Europe. The result is a proposal which is based on European experience and technology, however specifically adjusted to the actual needs of India. The solution is a brake system with a more powerful compressor, an air-dryer and an ABS with load proportioning function.

In order to meet the challenges of feeding an ever-growing world population, the farming and food processing industries must become more efficient and flexible. Some of its requirements are: full utilization of harvesting machines, control of cost and reliability of insect and weed control, interchangeable standardized parts for agricultural equipment, optimum land utilization, compatible tractor design for all operations, convertible portable buildings. All of these items are discussed in this paper, along with an analysis of the present state of agriculture in the United States.

The driver's response is an important consideration for developing an advanced vehicle control system. Drivers' response to vehicle motion was investigated here using a rotary type electric active suspension system that could control roll, pitch, and bounce. The system allowed control of vehicle attitude and ride comfort based on an inertial input and road input with sky-hook logic. Drivers' reaction differences when subjected to both smaller and larger roll angles produced by the active suspension were examined.