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The Hino E13C was developed for heavy-duty truck application to meet Japan's 2003 NOx and 2005 particulate emissions standards simultaneously with significant fuel economy improvement. A combined EGR system consisting of an external EGR system with a highly efficient EGR cooler and an internal EGR system with an electronically controlled valve actuation device was newly developed to reduce NOx emissions for all operating conditions without requiring a larger engine coolant radiator. A Hino-developed DPR was installed to achieve extremely low particulate emissions at the tail pipe. Increased strength of engine structural components and a ductile cast iron piston enabled high BMEP operation at lower engine speeds and reductions of both engine size and weight. This paper describes key technologies developed for the E13C as well as the development results.

Hot isostatic processing (HIP) is a rapidly expanding manufacturing process which involves treating parts at very high temperatures in an inert gas at very high pressures. HIP-treated parts display dramatic improvements in strength, fatigue resistance, and other important characteristics. Components of aircraft turbine engines, high-speed tool steels, cemented carbides, carbon/carbon composites, titanium, and super-alloys are all commonly HIP'ed today. Castings' characteristics are improved by HIP'ing. HIP's potential value to the automotive industry lies in weight reduction, reliability, safety, and conservation of energy and scarce materials. Smaller, stronger, lighter engine blocks, for example, are a distinct possibility with HIP. HIP/PM gear blanks requiring minimal machining are another possibility. The relatively high cost of HIP has been the principal impediment to its widespread commercialization.

This report discusses two topics: the history and the development of the present off-highway minimum performance criteria for braking systems and the current activities of Subcommittee X - Vehicle Brakes - of the SAE Construction and Industrial Machinery Technical Committee. The Subcommittee has currently been developing a revision to SAE J237, Minimum Performance Criteria for Braking Systems for Off-Highway, Rubber Tired Front End Loaders and Dozers. The proposed revised report is included in an appendix. When approved, similar revisions will be made to SAE J166, J236, and J319. The revisions cover failure of a component common to both service and emergency stopping systems, holding performance, system recovery, weighing accuracy, and failure of parts. The background reasons for these revisions are described.

This paper outlines the primary objectives of a modern marine pneumatic propulsion control and the steps in its development. It reviews the various interlock and timing functions required for an “on-off” or “slip” type control in order to achieve the best results for differing applications. Piping diagrams showing the circuit development, and a strip chart covering a typical “crash reversal” are included, as well as a complete discussion of the latest type of automatic slip range control.

A holdback and release device is generally used to restrain an aircraft prior to catapulting. For many years release was effected by rupture of a replaceable, frangible link in the release device. While this system is conceptually simple, it has many operational and logistic drawbacks. This paper describes the history and successful development of a reuseable, or repeatable release catapult holdback system as presently used on the F-14, F-18 and T-45.

The Collision Deformation Classification, CDC, is an abbreviated means of communicating or describing vehicle collision damage, useful to persons collecting and interpreting vehicle collision data. This paper explains the history and philosophy, leading to the current revisions in the S.A.E. Recommended Practice.

The relevance of the centrifugal compressor background for this award to the early developments and current business base of the Garrett Turbine Engine Company is noted. The development of turbo-machinery into the modern centrifugal compressor from Greek classic times to the demonstration of the first aviation gas turbines is traced. This is followed by a description of the evolution of the current high performance centrifugal compressors found in today's engines and some of the leading research demonstrations of the past decade. Recent developments in computer power indicate a massive increase in numerical analyses capability to full three-dimensional viscous solutions. The application of this to the future evolution of centrifugal compressor capability is discussed with projections for the improvement in performance over the next decade. The problems which limit the performance of centrifugal compressors are noted and arguments presented regarding their solutions.

Air express is the oldest form of air freight but has now become a specialized category of air transport in its own right. There are records of short-lived or experimental services during the early days of the airlines, but regular or sustained air express service did not begin until 1927. Subsequently, the service grew rapidly in popularity, mainly after the different companies had been consolidated into the Railway Express Agency. This Agency always conducted its air express service through the cooperation of the certificated air lines and prospered until the late 1960s. It was superseded by the emergence of a new class of airline which specialized in overnight package service, using its own fleets of aircraft. Today, six leading competitors in the business are operating more than 300 aircraft which concentrate exclusively on the carriage of air express.

In 1946, the Allison Division of General Motors initiated heavy duty transmission operations at its headquarters in Indianapolis, Indiana. Since that time, Allison has become a world leader in the design, development, and manufacture of heavy duty automatics for the world truck and bus market. This paper traces the history of this effort and discusses key innovations and events at Allison over the past 50 years. Included are discussions starting with Allison's history, its first bus transmission in 1946, and first automatic transmission for on-highway trucks in 1954. This is followed by the development of both the second and third generation automatics and the innovations that are incorporated in these generations. The effect of these innovations is expressed in terms of customer benefits and market growth. Lastly, a view of future trends in automatic transmissions is provided.

Condensed in this report are the salient points of the forty year history of the development of the gas turbine engine, its associated aircraft and the various lubricants used. Tables are included comparing some of the important specification properties of many of these fluids, both petroleum and synthetics. An explanation is incorporated outlining the reasons synthetics perform well in the turbine engine environment. A genealagical chart detailing the various dates on which lubricant specifications or important changes were issued is provided. There are indications that some commercially available lubricants are being stressed to the limits of the fluids capabilities. Any new engine designs, therefore, may require entirely new lubricants and/or new lubrication systems.

In many fields of technology, examinations of the past can provide insights into the future. This paper reviews the last 20 years of automotive seat comfort development and research as chronicled by SAE’s session titled “Human Factors in Seating Comfort”. Records suggest that “Human Factors in Seating Comfort” has existed as a separate session at SAE’s World Congress since 1999. In that time there have been 148 unique contributions (131 publications). The history is fascinating because it reflects interests of the time that are driven by technology trends, customer wants and needs, and new theories. The list of contributors, in terms of authors and their affiliations, is also telling. It shows shifts in business models and strategies around collaboration. The paper ends with a discussion of what can be learned from this historical review and the major issues to be addressed. One of the more significant contributions of this paper is the reference list.

This paper discusses the background and history of “laminated steel” (commonly called “noiseless steel” or MPM). It provides the early development, where it came from, and how it was introduced to North America as a new tool for engineering acoustical solutions. A progressive timeline shows laminated steel from its earliest inception in Europe to its current role in today’s global market. Case histories along with examples of successful applications detail its important contribution in advancing the technology for component damping. Many manufacturing sources as well as end users have been impacted over the decades since it was first introduced. Some of those companies will be noted. The background information for this paper is provided by many of the individuals who were involved in the very early stages of its introduction as well those who are currently working to utilize the technology of laminated steel.

This paper describes the history of promotional activities in Japan for neat methanol fuel (M100) vehicles. Since the middle of the 1980s, Nippon Methanol Fueled Vehicles Co., Ltd. (now, Organization for the Promotion of Low Emission Vehicles (LEVO)), has been leasing M100 vehicles, and has conducted research work regarding these vehicles. LEVO has also been involved in infrastructure promotion for M100 vehicles, to ensure energy security and as a countermeasure against air pollution. As a result, as of March 1999, a total of 572 M100 vehicles had been leased to fleet operators. This more than 10 years of market experience with these vehicles has contributed toward convincing the Japanese Government, local governments and fleet operators of methanol's potential as an automotive fuel.

This paper looks at the changes in the vehicle passby measurement techniques over the past decades and provides some insight to the problems faced in developing the technology as well as the product improvements. While all worked diligently to reach a product level, the methods were as varied as the participants. While the us epa started the charge to quieter vehicles the lack of public interest has decreased the us activity to minimal local enforcement. Few products are a major annoyance and little public concern will minimize future programs. World interest is significantly different and the interest of the governments to protect their population from noise polution is very high. This paper will also consider some of the differences that exist in the areas and the impact on noise annoyance.

“Outsource,” today's ‘buzz’ word, refers to a business practice that is not new to the North American trucking industry. This practice has had profound effects on the research and development of our truck drivetrains. In order to better understand the evolution of the medium and heavy duty truck drivetrain, a look at the history of the development of the Eaton Truck Axle will help to understand the high level of reliability and durability available in current heavy duty truck drivetrain components.

Through the years, the motor coach is fast becoming a new way of life. This paper will tend to highlight the progress which has developed with ingenuity. Today, the motor coach is a self-contained, motor driven home, complete with all the necessary conveniences, and in some cases, even the luxuries. It is finding a way in our everyday living as people seek more leisure time and as families anticipate traveling together.

This paper describes a hoist dynamometer capable of reproducing field conditions for the purpose of providing comparative data on friction materials used on band brakes and clutches by the crane and hoist industry. Performance qualities essential to the braking system are recorded for both automatic and manual operation. The dynamometer enables the testing to be performed under controlled conditions which can be both repetitive and reproducible.

The reduction of a full aircraft structure/loading system from a Cartesian space to a condensed, modal space offers significant computational advantages in complex aero-elastic analysis without sacrificing the system kinematic and kinetic integrity. By combining linear, finite-element (FEA)-based structural analysis with non-linear, mechanical system simulation (MSS), the same modal basis coordinate set is used to represent the aerodynamic loading, structural, and gross motion behavior of maneuvering, high-integrity, full aircraft system models. Examples are shown of full aircraft, comprised of flexible, single-and multiple-structures, performing stores separation, landing, and general maneuvers. These are done using aerodynamic modeling of varying completeness ranging from complete, Panel Method (PM)-derived loads to more simplified, distributed loads. Limits on the validity of the linearity assumptions are discussed

The great spurt in outboard motor industry has brought with it an increased demand for economical operation, adequate power, dependability, and other features to meet the needs of light craft owners. The 4 cycle gasoline outboard described here promises to fulfill all these requirements while solving major health problems such as water pollution and exhaust irritants. In addition, maintenance has been greatly simplified, and styling has been designed to satisfy modern trends.