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The development of the EP/VA … H fuel pump combines technical advantages of the injection pump principle and the versatility and reliability of in-line design. This paper describes the mechanical design and mode of operation of the single-plunger type injection pump. The governing principle of the EP/VA… H pump is a variable speed one, operative at will throughout the entire engine speed range. The distributor pump may be mounted in a vertical or horizontal position. The EP/VA… H is in production for 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-cyl engines and accommodate maximum speeds of 5000 and 4000 rpm in the 4- and 6-cyl four-stroke cycle type engines.

A new type of screw pump has inherent design features (e.g. balanced design, low bearing loads, wear-adjustable rotors, low rubbing loads, …) which may allow efficient, reliable, and maintainable operation in numerous applications, particularly for pumping low-viscosity fluids. Initial tests on an 87 gal/min prototype pumping lubricating oil at pressures up to 500 lb/in2 and speeds up to 1800 rev/min achieved good performance with little wear over 3400 hours of operations. Performance projections indicate volumetric efficiencies of 50 percent should be reached using the existing prototype pumping 1200 lb/in2 water in one stage.

This paper presents a new method for finding slip control law of Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), based on sliding mode control method . A four wheel car model with seven degrees of freedom is considered. Slip of each wheel is controlled separately so that it remains in the desired range for every kind of road condition, and by tuning desired slip undesired yaw on miu-split surfaces is prevented.

This paper presents a control algorithm for semi-active suspensions to reduce the braking distance of passenger cars. Active shock absorbers are controlled and used to influence the vertical dynamics during ABS-controlled full braking. The core of the approach presented in this paper is based on a switching control logic which sets the car's body damping to one of the two extrema hard and soft. The control algorithm is implemented in a compact class passenger car. Test drives on a real road, using a braking machine for reproducibility reasons, have been executed. It could be shown that it is possible to reduce the braking distance by affecting on the vertical dynamics of a passenger car in general. This is the first published experimental result of its kind. The amount of reduction depends on the height profile of the testing track.

A miniature single-tube heat exchanger has been set up for making precise measurements of the fuel-side, heat-transfer coefficient. Conditions of turbulent flow, temperature level, and heat flux are maintained to simulate high Mach number flight. The decay of the fuel-side coefficient, due to the deposition of a varnish film at high temperature, is measured over extended time intervals. The rate of decay of the coefficient as a function of temperature is a quantitative measurement of fuel thermal stability. The device has been named Minex.

The design of the information system of manufacturing companies is a crucial endeavor in implementing a successful computer integrated manufacturing environment. The complexity of the manufacturing environment dictates the need for a systematic and structured approach to enable manufacturing system engineers to analyze and define their information requirement. Virtual reality based requirement analysis tool (VR-RA) has been developed for an existing novel methodology, in order to capture and represents the approach of experienced analyst studying the enterprise wide CIM information requirements. This paper introduces the methodology and describes the operational aspects of VR-RA, which is a user-friendly tool that can be used by people with little prior computer experience for the establishment of requirements.

1 Valuation of a light distribution before building prototypes is one of the future tasks of headlamp development. The objective comparison of different headlamps but also the consideration of human factors like physiological parameters should be supported by software tools. Therefore a new program system has been developed, that allows the rating of a beam pattern under different traffic conditions. Basis of the calculation is the light distribution of the lamp, high and/or low beam. This can be both, the result of the simulation tool “Helios” or the data of the headlamp measurement. The first step is the calculation of a photorealistic picture with accurate luminance values. Therefore a large set of different parameters are given in a library, the user has the possibility to define his own street geometry and situation.

Solid-state lithium-ion batteries that use a solid electrolyte may potentially operate at wide temperatures and provide satisfactory safety. Moreover, the use of a solid electrolyte, which blocks the formation of lithium dendrites, allows batteries to use metallic lithium for the anode, enabling the batteries gain an energy density significantly higher than that of traditional lithium-ion batteries. Solid electrolytes play a role of conducting lithium ions and are the core of solid-state lithium-ion batteries. However, the development of solid lithium electrolytes towards a high lithium ionic conductivity, good chemical and electrochemical stability and scalable manufacturing method has been challenging. We report a new material composed of nitrogen-doped lithium metaphosphate, denoted as NLiPO3.

ISO 16063 part 21 defines the back-to-back comparison techniques for accelerometer vibration calibration [1]. Accurate accelerometer calibration is a way to provide physical meaning to the electrical output of this category of sensor and it is a prerequisite for quality motion and NVH measurements. The comparison method for accelerometer vibration calibration is discussed, and an overview on current technology available for calibrating and testing accelerometer performance characteristics is provided. A series of experimental calibration data was acquired using a miniature accelerometer mounted in six angular positions on both flexure-based and air-bearing shaker designs illustrating the effects of sensor transverse sensitivity and shaker transverse motion on calibration accuracy and measurement uncertainties.

The Spacecraft Radiative Thermal Model Exchange System is a technology developed for the bi-directional exchange of spacecraft radiative thermal models via the TMG thermal software package. It provides a means for quickly and accurately transferring models between TMG and theree of the major thermal radiation codes used in the spacecraft industry, particularly the ESARAD and Thermica packages, which are widely used by contractors to the European Space Agency, and the TSS code which is prevalent in the United States space industry. In order to reconcile element-based and primitives-based modeling approaches, this system includes an interactive primitives-based modeling system, enabling users to construct, import, and manipulate primitives-based radiation models in TMG.

Automobile owners get more luggage space when they use this space saving tire, and forgetful air inflators need never find themselves without a spare because this one is carried flat and needs only a little pressure boost to make it wheelworthy. Moreover, the capability of operating when deflated is a bonus characteristic. This is the thin tread emergency spare tire by Goodrich. Deflated, it is only slightly larger than its rim. Expanded, it is normal size and shape. The mechanics of expansion are explained here and operational data and test results are presented.

The video system with a CCD-Micro-Camera allows the detection of the sparks within the structure. The camera itself with a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 120 mm is protected against the electromagnetic field by a faraday cage. The signal will be transferred by a fibre optical link to the receiver in the measuring cabinet. The signal of the camera will be stored with a digital video recording system, using the data compression procedure M-JPEG. The development of the spark will be recorded by about one or a few pictures, supported by the slow reaction of the camera on the fast brightness change of the real spark. The experiences with the camera system have shown that this is a reliable tool to detect sparks during the test of direct effect of carbon fibre reinforced structures and provide the possibility to detect sparks also within closed components.

The current perspective on spark ignition is that of an electrical energy source which is introduced into a combustion chamber to ignite a combustible mixture by electrically breaking down a spark gap and delivering electrical energy (current) to the gap. Topically, the spark gap is made up of two very closely spaced electrodes (of a spark plug) which are exposed to the mixture. Such a perspective is far too limited in that it ignores the electrical plasma nature of the initial flame and the influence that the local electric field and spark discharge have on the growth of the flame. Specifically, it ignores the development of the spark and hydrocarbon flame discharges as coexisting electrical phenomena competing for the electrical energy that is supplied by the ignition system. In so doing, it fails to consider or supply the required level and quality of energy to the mixture, rendering ignition of little value except in mixtures which are ordinarily easy to ignite.

A substantially modified chemistry for the nickel oxide-zinc battery system has been discovered and developed to stabilize the zinc anode and substantially reduce the well-known problems of dendrite shorting, shape change and plate densification. As is well known, these phenomenon have been basically responsible for the poor cycle life (typical 100 -200) normally experienced in this battery system. The introduction of the new chemistry has resulted in stabilization of the performance of the zinc anode without adversely affecting the nickel electrode. The result has been a major enhancement of the cycle life capability. In tests conducted on 15, 60 and 225 AH capacity, nickel-zinc cells, control groups were used for the sake of comparison. Most tests were conducted using a 3-hour rate of discharge and an 80% depth with a 9-hour recharge rate. Cycle life enhancement obtained range by a factor of 2 to 4 times with capacity retentions over 60% compared to the true original capacity.

A new keyless entry system, for automotive security and comfort applications, has been developed. The system utilises a single chip transponder for vehicle immobilisation, keyless entry and remote control functionality. The transponder system can be embedded into a key fob or an ISO smart card. System security and communication speed is provided by an advanced anti-collision protocol in combination with sophisticated challenge response and uni-directional protocols. The system can be activated by using either a push-button transponder, where long range access to the vehicle is provided, or by touching an actuator near the door or trunk. Due to the inductive coupling between the transponder and the vehicle mounted antennas, the vehicle door or trunk opens on successful verification as if there were no locks. Additionally, inside the vehicle, the transponder can be used as an immobiliser.

Customer-determined and rater-determined octane number requirements have historically-been compared by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) using the N+1 and Quantified approaches. However, these analysis techniques oversimplify the relationship between customer and rater octane number requirements because they do not consider the bivariate and nonnormal nature of the data. Using a new statistical technique designed specifically for the analysis of bivariate nonnormal data, a model of the relationship between customer and rater octane number requirements has been developed. The model utilizes data from the 1978 CRC Customer/Rater Octane Number Requirement Program and was verified by “prediction” of the results from a similar CRC program conducted in 1975. Based on rater data from the 1979 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, the model predicts that 91 percent of the customers driving 1979 model year cars are satisfied with 91 Research octane number (RON) unleaded gasoline.

In this paper, we suggest a new steering wheel returnability control strategy for EPS(Electric Power Steering) system to improve on-center handling performance. To improve steering wheel returnability for on-center handling performance, we developed a new control strategy based on estimation of alignment torque generated by tire and road surface. The returnability control algorithm only uses estimated values of the slip angle and the lateral acceleration that can be easily computed from sensor signals commonly available in passenger vehicles. The proposed algorithm was coded with Simulink, and it was cosimulated with the CarSim vehicle model. The performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with that of the conventional algorithm and it demonstrated improvement in both returnability and on-center handling performance.

The control strategy design of vehicle active noise control (ANC) relies too much on experiment experience, which costs a lot to gather mass data and the experimental results lack representation. To solve these problems, a new control strategy optimization method based on the genetic algorithm is proposed. First, a vehicle cabin sound field simulation model is built by sound transfer function. Based on the filtered-X Least Mean Squares (FX-LMS) algorithm and the vehicle cabin sound field simulation model, a vehicle ANC simulation model is proposed and verified by a vehicle field test. Furthermore, the genetic algorithm is used as a strategy optimization tool to optimize an ANC control strategy parameter set based on the vehicle ANC simulation model. The optimized results provide a reference for the ANC control strategy design of the vehicle.

CORUN CHS has recently developed a new power-split hybrid transmission platform CHS-HT2800, which has added 2 clutches compared to CHS-HT1800. With involvement of 2 E-motors CHS-HT2800 has 9 forward gears, including 3 electric forward gears and 6 hybrid forward gears. Among the 6 hybrid gears 4 gears are fixed-ratio gears and the remaining 2 gears are eCVT gears. This paper describes a strategy, designed for CHS-HT2800, how to select the optimal mode, the optimal gear and the optimal work point of the engine to achieve the best economy performance in the real traffic. Because it is universally accepted, that the WLTC cycle can represent real world vehicle operation on urban and extra-urban roads, motorways, and freeways. The introduced strategy will be validated with the help of the WLTC cycle.

A comprehensive structural performance standard for school bus superstructures is being developed by a special task force on school bus safety organized by the School Bus Manufacturers Institute. This paper presents a progress report on the standard. Included is a review of the main features: the basic philosophy that the bus body must be capable of safe, controlled energy absorption in the event of a crash; the establishment of a statically equivalent test through the use of energy absorption as a simulation parameter; and detailed specifications for simulated crash modes. As a specific example, the rollover simulation test specification is presented in its entirety and a critical assessment is provided.