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The concept of “Simulatable Specifications” is applied to a Smart Bridge-Driver-IC in order to support an integrated development process of a Direct Injection System. It is demonstrated that the impact of the IC concept on system performance can be investigated long before first Silicon is available. Thus, considerable time in systems development can be saved and, in addition, the feedback loop for conceptual redesigns of the chip is reduced by up to 60 percent.

With the growing prices of fossil fuels and the concerns of global warming, the need to seek alternative fuels in the transportation sector is rapidly gaining momentum. This need of change has lead researchers to look beyond the typical alternative fuels for diesel engines and focus on Fatty Acids Methyl Esters (FAME), due to their high calorific value, widespread availability, and relative low cost. The authors investigated the injection and combustion of poultry fat FAME 20-50% by weight in diesel no. 2 mixtures. The dynamic viscosity of the FAME-diesel mixture has been investigated between 25-45°C and ranged from 3-5cSt increasing in correlation with the amount of FAME and lowered by the temperature increase. The new fuel containing up to 50% poultry fat FAME by weight in diesel fuel (B-50) has been injected by a piston-plunger type pump injection system. The injector had a 1x0.200 mm nozzle with a pintle tip needle and the injection pressure was 147 bar.

HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) has the potential for significant fuel efficiency improvements and low engine-out emissions but a major limitation is its relatively small operating range, limited by pressure rise rate at high loads and cyclic variability and incomplete combustion at low loads. Spark Assisted Compression Ignition (SACI) can extend the operating range of HCCI, but since SACI includes both flame propagation and auto-ignition, it experiences higher cyclic variance than HCCI combustion and phasing control can be challenging. This paper investigates the effects of environmental conditions on SACI combustion. The first part of the paper investigates whether CA50 (the location of 50% heat release and the most commonly used combustion parameter for describing combustion phasing) is the best metric to describe combustion phasing and facilitate its control. CA50 and four other combustion phasing metrics are evaluated and compared in this study.

The investigation has been divided into two parts. In part one, numerical investigations of the effect of humid air with different levels of humidity on gaseous emissions of a non-premixed combustion have been investigated. This part of the investigation was a feasibility study, focused on how different levels of humidity in the intake air affects the exhaust NO emission. Part two of the investigation was verification of the numerical results with a naturally aspirated engine with natural gas as the fuel. Here, we also investigated the impact of humid air intake on engine’s particulate matter (PM) emission. For the numerical investigations, the non-premixed combustion in a single cylinder was simulated using the presumed probability density function combustion model. Simulations were performed for dry as well as humid intake air for 0%, 15%, and 30% relative humidity (RH).

Investigations were performed, in which fuels and fuel components were compared regarding gaseous as well as particulate number (PN) emissions. The focus on the selection of the fuel components was set on the possibility of renewable production, which lead to Ethanol, as the classic bio-fuel, Isopropanol, Isobutanol and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). As fuels, a Euro 6 (EU6) reference fuel, an anti-spark-fouling (ASF) fuel, a European Super Plus (RON 98) in-field fuel and a potentially completely renewable fuel, which was designed by Porsche AG (named POSYN), were chosen. The composition of the fuels differs significantly which results in large differences in the exhaust gas emissions. The fuels, except ASF, are compliant with the European fuel standard EN 228.The experiments chosen were a variation of the start of injection (SOI) at different load points at a constant engine speed of 2000 rpm, amongst others.

In this work the formation and oxidation of soot inside a direct injection spark ignition engine at different injection and ignition timing was investigated. In order to get two-dimensional data during the expansion stroke, the RAYLIX-technique was applied in the combustion chamber of an optical accessible single cylinder engine. This technique is a combination of Rayleigh-scattering, laser-induced incandescence (LII) and extinction which enables simultaneous measurements of temporally and spatially resolved soot concentration, mean particle radii and number densities. These first investigations show that the most important source for soot formation during combustion are pool fires, i.e. liquid fuel burning on the top of the piston. These pool fires were observed under almost all experimental conditions.

1 In the present work investigations of a 7.8 liter-TC-IC-IVECO-CNG engine were performed with single point (SPI) *) and with multipoint (MPI) gas injection systems. Three types of MPI injectors available on the market were compared for stationary and transient engine operation. There are several advantages of MPI e.g. better possibility to equalize the air-fuel-ratio of the cylinders, optimization of the gas injection timing and of the gas pressure for different operating conditions. With different injector types there are different optimum injection timings, due to different injection durations, but at the optimum conditions there is little difference in the combustion quality. The injectors with higher flow rate can cause more λ-excursions in the dynamic response and with sudden changes of the gas pressure.

The results of a series of tests were performed that are used to investigate the contribution of aerodynamic noise to lower frequency passenger car interior and exterior cruise noise levels. Wind tunnel measurements were used to isolate aerodynamic noise from tire-pavement and engine noise and to indicate that the vehicle underbody is a significant source region for both interior and exterior noise. Comparing interior on-road measurements to the wind tunnel results, it was found that aerodynamic noise was slightly less than an equal contributor to cruise noise averaging 4.8 dB lower than the road levels between 50 and 400 Hz at a speed of 80 km/h. At 140 km/h, the difference dropped to 2.3 dB indicating that the aerodynamic noise was the major contributor. For exterior pass-by, aerodynamic noise levels were found to account for almost all of the noise measured during coast-by conditions in the frequency range from 50 to 400 Hz at 97 km/h.

To study the effect of different injection timings on the charge inhomogeneity, planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) was applied to an operating engine. Quantitative images of the fuel distribution within the engine were obtained. Since the fuel used, iso-octane, does not fluoresce, a dopant was required. Three-pentanone was found to have vapour pressure characteristics similar to those of iso-octane as well as low absorption and suitable spectral properties. A worst case estimation of the total accuracy from the PLIF images gives a maximum error of 0.03 in equivalence ratio. The results show that an early injection timing gives a higher degree of charge inhomogeneity close to the spark plug. It is also shown that charge inhomogeneity gives a more unstable engine operation. A correlation was noted between the combustion on a cycle to cycle basis and the average fuel concentration within a circular area close to the spark plug center.

The tightening legislation in the on-road heavy-duty diesel area means that pollution control systems will soon be widely introduced on such engines. A number of different aftertreatment systems are currently being considered to meet the incoming legislation, including Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems. Relatively little is known about the interactions between lubricant-derived species and such aftertreatment systems. This paper describes the results of an experimental program carried out to investigate these interactions within DPF, DOC and SCR systems on a state-of-the-art 9 litre engine. The influence of lubricant composition and lube oil ash level was investigated on the different catalyst systems. In order to reduce costs and to speed up testing, test oil was dosed into the fuel. Tests without dosing lubricant into the fuel were also run.

Non-exhaust emissions in general and brake particle emissions in particular have become very relevant during the last years. Even if many investigations and efforts are under progress, no common test standards exist so far. Many mechanisms and possible impacts are not fully understood either. Hence, the authors continued their investigations by using an already refined and proved test setup, which is the base for further characterizations and enhancements. The presented studies include the characterization of three different friction couples (using the same brake system) for two different test cycles (namely a modified AK Master and a WLTP) in terms of particle number concentration. Additionally, the major differences of the modified AK Master and the WLTP are investigated and analyzed. Finally, results of particle mass characterizations introduced. A brief summary and some conclusions are presented in the final chapter.

The paper discusses the results of investigations into fuel atomization with the use of two high-pressure angularly arranged injectors fitted in a combustion of constant volume chamber. Using two Direct Injection injectors is a new conception, which was not applied yet. Nowadays, the conceptions where two injectors are used, one in direct injection and one in port injection are used. It is expected, that new gasoline Direct Injection system will allow better fuel spray and following combustion process. It is especially important in spray-guided mixture creating. The analysis mainly relates to the parameters of the fuel spray: spray penetration, observed fuel spray area in reference to both a single fuel spray and two angularly fuel sprays. The assessment of the uniformity of the fuel spray penetration for both sprays has been carried out.

Two series of tests were conducted to investigate the performance of ejection seat cushions for safety and comfort, respectively. In the safety study, seven operational and prototype cushions were tested on the vertical deceleration tower, where the cushions were placed between the seat pan and the occupant (a 50th percentile Hybrid III manikin) and subjected to +Gz impact at 8, 10, and 12 g, respectively. In the comfort investigation, twenty volunteer subjects (12 females and 8 males) with a range of anthropometry were tested on four operational and prototype cushions over eight-hour durations. The safety performance of a cushion is evaluated by the impact transmissibility from the carriage acceleration to the peak lumbar load, whereas the sitting comfort performance is assessed in terms of the peak contact pressure and subjective survey data.

The aerodynamic drag, fuel consumption and hence CO2 emissions, of a road vehicle depend strongly on its flow structures and the pressure drag generated. The rear end flow which is an area of complex three-dimensional flow structures, contributes to the wake development and the overall aerodynamic performance of the vehicle. This paper seeks to provide improved insight into this flow region to better inform future drag reduction strategies. Using experimental and numerical techniques, two vehicle shapes have been studied; a 30% scale model of a Volvo S60 representing a 2003MY vehicle and a full scale 2010MY S60. First the surface topology of the rear end (rear window and trunk deck) of both configurations is analysed, using paint to visualise the skin friction pattern. By means of critical points, the pattern is characterized and changes are identified studying the location and type of the occurring singularities.

Driver error is the cause of most accidents. Yet "active safety" is difficult to analyze due to the complexity of the processes involved and no unanimity of analytical procedures exists. The purpose of the paper is to determine the investigatory steps necessary for any complete analysis of active safety. These steps are discussed individually and they include: 1. Analytical treatment within the parameters of the driver-vehicle-surroundings system; the multiplicity of such treatments suggests that no one approach is universally valid. 2. Investigations of driver behavior and vehicle response in driving simulators; such simulators offer the possibility of reproducible, experimental data. 3. Determination of driver reaction and vehicle response to driving incidents involving artificially-induced danger and surprise; such tests can safely be conducted on driving courses. 4.

The reduction of cold start emission is widely recognized method to meet the stringent automotive emission norms using catalytic converters. One of the effective ways is to use HC traps before the main converters. This system mainly consist of ceramic honeycomb coated with the zeolite molecular sieves which can adsorb HC during the transient cold start period and release to the main converters when it has reached light-off. High catalytic surface area, good HC trapping efficiency, high thermal durability and good mechanical strength are the important properties of zeolite coated honeycombs. They are prepared either by washcoating the zeolite on the substrate or by in-situ crystallization by wet hydrothermal method. The adhesion of the coating is better in the wet hydrothermal process but the honeycombs become mechanically weaker. To overcome this, a new method of forming the zeolite film on the ceramic honeycombs by solid state in situ crystallization has been developed.

The study of 10% ethanol blended gasoline (E10 gasoline) utilization has been conducted in the Japan Auto-Oil Program (JATOP). In order to clarify the impact of E10 gasoline on vehicle performances, exhaust emissions, evaporative emissions, driveability and material compatibility have been investigated by using domestic gasoline vehicles including mini motor vehicles which are particular to Japan. The test results reveal that E10 gasoline has no impact on exhaust emissions, engine startup time and acceleration period under the hot start condition, but a slight deterioration is observed in some test cases under the cold start condition using E10 gasolines with 50% distillation temperature (T50) level set to the upper limit of Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) K 2202. Regarding evaporative emissions, the tested vehicles shows no remarkable increase in the hot soak loss (HSL), diurnal breathing loss (DBL) and running loss (RL) testing with E10 gasolines.

For medium- and heavy-duty diesel engines, the development of new catalyst technologies and particulate filters is necessary to fulfill increasingly stringent emission regulations. An important aspect is the durability of the after-treatment system and therefore its efficiency over lifetime. Lubrication oil additives contain components such as phosphorous or zinc to ensure engine durability. Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and coated diesel particulate filter (cDPF) catalytic coatings are negatively influenced by contamination on the surface with these components (chemical ageing). The components have a negative impact on the exhaust after-treatment systems performance. Additionally the cDPF is filled with oil ash. Engine tests are conducted to analyze the effect of lubrication oil additives on after-treatment system performance. In one study, lubrication oil with increased sulfur ash content is used.

Natural gas is regarded as one of the most potential alternative fuels of engines because of its fruitful storage, good obtainable resources, and high octane value, etc. Compared with port fuel injection (PFI), Gasoline direct injection (GDI) has many advantages on volumetric efficiency improvement, lean-burning, emissions control, etc. A set of measuring and data acquisition system on CNG direct injection spark-ignited engines and the CNG multi-direct injection system are developed in this paper. Based on different injection modes of CNG single DI and compound DI (main injection and auxiliary-Injection), the investigations on combustion process of CNG DI engines has been conducted by the factors of in-cylinder mixture formation, air/fuel ratio, and injection timing, etc. Meanwhile, the three-dimension simulation on mixture formation and combustion principle of low-pressure CNG compound direct injection engines has also been researched.