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Diesel engines are very efficient prime movers in their power range. Fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber. Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines are highly influenced by the fuel spray parameters and atomization of the injected fuel. As the emission regulations become stringent, it is very important to optimize the combustion in internal combustion engines for different fuels including alternative fuels. Spray visualization using optical techniques play a very important role to analyze macroscopic spray parameters and fuel atomization behavior. In the present experimental study, an important alternative CI engine fuel, Karanja oil and its blends with diesel have been investigated for their spray parameters and fuel atomization relative to mineral diesel. These parameters are different for the two fuels because of difference in the viscosity and density of the fuels.

Software packages including Argonne National Lab's Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model and the EPA's Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulation (MOVES) model are useful in analyzing the emission profiles of light-duty vehicles. In particular, GREET performs a detailed life cycle fuel energy and emissions analysis, while MOVES focuses on energy and emissions during vehicle operation. This study uses MOVES2010b in the creation of emission trends in order to predict future emissions regulations and the subsequent aftertreatment device areas of improvement required to meet these standards. A second objective was to create four time sheet tables in order to update the base vehicle operation emission profiles used in GREET. The simulation results depict the balance between nitrous oxide and hydrocarbon emissions, the dependency upon climate effects, and areas for potential improvement given recent engine design trends.

The rapid development of connected vehicle technology provides a promising platform for traffic monitoring and traffic data collection. In the connected vehicle environment, the vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices can transmit vehicle safety messages to other connected vehicles and the Roadside Unit (RSU). The trajectory information in the safety message may provide potential usage for macroscopic traffic states estimation in the urban street network. Over the last few years, the applications of a macroscopic traffic states model, the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) has attracted increased attention. However, the detection of MFD remains a challenging task. This paper explores a potential method of measuring the macroscopic traffic states in terms of MFD based on Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) connected vehicle data. The methodology of generating MFDs is conducted and the potential characteristics of the macroscopic traffic states are explored.

Using a combination of imaging techniques, we have produced a database of the macroscopic properties of sprays produced by a common-rail injection system in a diesel simulation cell. The parameters of the data base include injection pressure (40, 80 and 150 MPa), gas-side temperature (387, 800 and 1100 K), gas density (12, 25 and 30 kg/m3), injector nozzle hole size (0.17 and 0.20 mm) and injection programs (with and without pilot injection). Single component fuels (heptane and dodecane) were used in order to simplify data interpretation and modeling. The spray characteristics which were measured include the initial “dispersion” angle of the nozzle, initial spray tip speeds, and spray tip penetration vs. time for both the liquid and vapor parts of the spray. The sites of initial self ignition and combustion propagation within the sprays were visualized, and a luminous delay was measured for several of the operating conditions.

Flash boiling has drawn much attention recently for its ability to enhance spray atomization and vaporization, while providing better fuel/air mixing for gasoline direct injection engines. However, the behaviors of flash boiling spray with multi-component fuels have not been fully discovered. In this study, isooctane, ethanol and the mixtures of the two with three blend ratios were chosen as the fuels. Measurements were performed with constant fuel temperature while ambient pressures were varied to adjust the superheated degree. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of flash boiling spray were investigated using Diffused Back-Illumination (DBI) imaging and Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). Comparisons between flash boiling sprays with single component and binary fuel mixtures were performed to study the effect of fuel properties on spray structure as well as atomization and vaporization processes.

Fuel injection pressure (FIP) is one of the most important factors affecting diesel engine performance and particulate emissions. Higher FIP improves the fuel atomization, which results in lower soot formation due to superior fuel-air mixing. The objective of this spray study was to investigate macroscopic and microscopic spray parameters in FIP range of 500-1500 bar, using a solenoid injector for biodiesel blends (KB20 and KB40) and baseline mineral diesel. For these test fuels, effect of ambient pressure on macroscopic spray characteristics such as spray penetration, spray area and cone angle were investigated in a constant volume spray chamber (CVSC). Microscopic spray characteristics such as velocity distribution of droplets and spray droplet size distribution were measured in the CVSC at atmospheric pressure using Phase Doppler Interferometry (PDI).

Japan has established an outstanding record of industrial growth and provided ample, modern facilities for continuing this growth. She has proved her ability to produce quality merchandise and will continue to compete for world markets. American industry and the American worker must accept this reality and meet the challenge. This paper briefly outlines the growth in various Japanese industries since World War II, and pictures the development of her physical plant (manufacturing plants, highways, railroads).

The analysis reported on in this paper examines environmental, energy and economic benefits for specific, though different, proposed state wide high speed rail (HSR) systems combined with a regional maglev proposal under review in Florida. One of the HSR proposals and the maglev system are projected to be fully permitted within the next eighteen months and operational by the 1994-96 period. The specifics of each applicants proposals are integrated into a complex computer model which reflect different; 1) technologies and speeds, 2) energy demands and other resource needs, 3) system service level characteristics, 4) ridership levels, 5) modal splits combined with 6) other system differences. This computer model then integrates the unique a) fuel consumption and b) emission levels of the actual electrical generation grid supplying the HSR and maglev systems in central and south Florida.

The Space Shuttle Atlantis was launched on 5 May 1989 and, soon after, its pay-load, the Magellan Venus Radar Mapper, was successfully boosted toward Venus by an Inertial Upper Stage. Shuttle flights carrying payloads require a thermal integration analysis to predict and evaluate the integrated vehicle's thermal radiation exchange factors, environmental heat loads, and temperatures as a function of mission time. This was accomplished by using geometric and thermal mathematical models for hot and cold case mission timelines. This paper outlines the mission timeline and discusses these models, environments, and assumptions. Components that exceed their design temperature limits in the nominal missions are identified and discussed.

In recent years there is an increasing demand for safer, more fuel efficient and more durable vehicles while reducing cost of ownership. To meet these demands, a new generation of zinc-magnesium alloyed hot dip galvanized steel has been developed. The product has recently been introduced for exposed panels. The innovative zinc-magnesium alloyed coating of this steel increases corrosion protection, allowing for thinner coating layers and therefore a potential for lighter parts. More important the properties of this new coating improve production performance by reducing tool pollution and galling behavior during processing in the press shop. This new steel product allows OEMs to meet the expectations of today’s automotive market. When taking into account cost critical performance in the press shop, the zinc-magnesium alloyed coating provides a clear advantage over conventional coatings, offering up to a 30% reduction in tool pollution.

Design specifications for suspensions of passenger cars for ride and handling in the past half century were amazingly associated with some “Magic Numbers.” These parameter values are needed for mathematical models which describe the dynamic motions of a vehicle on the road, help researchers to validate the overall performance of their simulations. Moreover, these numbers should be viewed as a guide for evaluation of vehicle design practice for moderate payload and driving conditions. Number 1, for instance, is the magic number associated with bounce resonant frequency of the sprung mass, but also related to the desired value for the dynamic index for ride quality and directional control. Number 10, on the other hand, is the magic number associated with wheel hop resonant frequency and the desired total mass/-unsprung masses ratio.

Description of design principles of thermocontrol system for small subsatellites Magion- 4, 5 and thermal behavior during two years of flight exploitation are presented. Passive type of thermocontrol system is intended to support the temperature level (-10…50) °C in inner volume of equipment compartment at solar subsatellite orientation and in temporary Earth shadow. Heat energy balance of the object at required temperature range is provided by utilization of radiating surfaces with defined areas, by thermal coupling of hot and cold subsatellite parts and by adaptation of constructive subsatellite elements to solve thermal tasks. Survey of telemetric date concerns temperature state of the main major parts of satellite are under consideration as well.

The characteristics of maglev systems being considered for implementation in the United States are speculative. A conference was held at Argonne National Laboratory on November 28-29, 1990, to discuss these characteristics and their implications for the design requirements of operational systems. This paper reviews some of the factors considered during that conference.

This is an assessment of United States High Speed Guided Transit (HSGT) systems policy, vision, goals, and magnetic levitation development and commercialization technology; as affected by the new United States National Energy Strategy. It includes a brief review of the key aspects and assumptions which formed the basis for the US National Energy Strategy scenario, and the tactics proposed to implement a National Maglev transit network by the target year 2015 (1)1. It is followed by a historical review of past magnetic levitation vehicle developments, a review of the present status of Maglev trains, and an outline of future (EMA) Electro Magnetic Attraction levitation for speeds under 400 km/h; (SC) Super Conductive (EDR) Electro Dynamic Repulsion levitation for subsonic speeds approaching 900 km/h; and, an introduction to the (MPW) Magnetic Potential Well levitation effect as developed by Kozoriz (2) in 1976, also see (39).

Maglev is the generic label for a family of technologies, including two modes of magnetic suspension (attraction and repulsion), magnetic guidance and linear electric drives for applications from shuttle service to intercity transportation. Low-speed systems are in service. Intermediate- and high-speed systems are at an advanced prototype development, testing and demonstration phase. This paper reviews the modes of Maglev, the status of system development, and the prospects for implementation. The evolution towards technological maturity is such that Maglev is a realistic transportation option for the nineties.

MAGNAFLUX testing has become an important adjunct in connection with the inspection of aircraft parts fabricated from magnetic materials. The method is very sensitive and may indicate not only defects which seriously weaken the part, but also non-injurious imperfections. The author has classified the several defects indicated by magnaflux which have been found in the routine inspection and examination of a large number of parts which have been in service in engines, airplanes, and accessories operated by the U. S. Army Air Corps.

THE magnaflux method of inspection is comparatively new and, as yet, definite specification requirements have not been written. Definite requirements are being requested by various groups, but it is believed impossible to lay them down except for individual parts. This paper attempts to discuss the various types of indications, but it is impossible to state definitely what detrimental effect the majority of the indications will have.

In response to ever more challenging global fuel economy and environmental regulations, automakers will rely on lightweighting to continue to meet the established goals. As “bolt-on” subassemblies, closure panels provide a unique opportunity to tailor the vehicle mass to achieve local environmental compliance relative to a global vehicle platform while maintaining equivalent functionality and safety performance. This paper is aimed at communicating the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA) study which compares the lightweight auto parts of the new Magna’s Ultralight Door design to the conventional auto parts of the baseline 2016 MY Chrysler 200C 6 cyl, 3.6 L, automatic 9-spd, an ICE vehicle (gasoline fueled) built and driven for 250,000 km in North America (NA) [1]. Magna International Inc. (Magna), in cooperation with the United States Department of Energy (U.S.

This paper outlines the use of Magnesium AM60B to provide the structural material for a one piece Die Cast Instrument Panel cross vehicle beam, to aid packaging, DFM/DFA, steering column modal, mass goals and Crashworthiness

A series of die cast AM50 magnesium test bars were made utilizing several design of experiment techniques in an attempt to determine if improved mechanical properties could be obtained. Process variables were selected and adjusted using a variables search technique during the sampling trails. Bars were tested for elongation, yield and tensile strength. Results show improved mechanical characteristics over those currently published. Findings show that temperature, pressure and gate velocity have the greatest influence on the ability of the AM50 alloy to reach the desired elongation percentages. In addition, the consistency of the high pressure die casing machine and accessory equipment had a direct effect on the success of the experiments.