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Many remotely controlled manipulative devices have been designed and operated successfully for extended periods in nuclear, industrial, underwater, underseas, high temperature, inert gas, hard vacuum, space, explosive, corrosive, toxic, and other hazardous environments. This paper describes the environmental protection for typical manipulative devices and discusses design parameters, methods of operation, design features, materials of construction, and, where possible, operating experience to date.

IN 1900, old experienced engine builders were saying “impossible” to an 18 to 22 lb per hp ratio for an engine which was being designed for use in the man-carrying flying machine under development by Dr. S. P. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. By December, 1901, working as Dr. Langley's chief assistant - and having taken personal responsibility for the engine development - Charles Matthews Manly had completed an engine which weighed, net 125 lb, developed 52.4 hp at 950 rpm and had demonstrated its durability in three separate 10-hr full-power endurance runs. This 2.4 lb per hp ratio was not surpassed until the advent of the Liberty engine 16 years later. Dramatic details of this most frequently recorded achievement of the distinguished engineer who was SAE president in 1919 are recorded in this paper as part of an interpretive study of Mr. Manly's broad achievements. Mr.

Partial preliminary designs are presented for two manned - automatic structural assembly systems. Consideration is given to structural sectionalizing, fasteners, structural assembly mechanisms, kinematics, and program logic. The employment of man to enhance system performance is considered.

The 60-Day and 90-Day closed manned chamber tests conducted by the McDonnell Douglas Corporation in the 1960s have been thoroughly reported in the literature. These tests evaluated, among other things, the leading water recycling systems developed at that time. During both tests, crew members ingested water reclaimed from urine and humidity condensate and performed personal hygiene tasks with water recycled in a separate loop. Since then, to this date (1995), no comparable testing has been carried out in the United States. Now, however, plans are being made to test modern water recycling systems in chamber tests with humans. This paper summarizes the earlier testing and highlights the lessons that were learned.

Previous violent controversies concerning the value of manned versus unmanned space exploration are being resolved to a significant degree. Improved understanding of man's role in space exploration and more effective means of utilizing man as a part of “automatic,” “remotely controlled,” and “directly manned” space exploration systems are evolving. The advocates of both manned and unmanned space exploration are making progress in a direction providing mutual support. As a result, an overall increase in the rate and effectiveness of the gathering of knowledge from space is likely. This paper describes current developments.

Man’s knowledge of outer space far surpasses his knowledge of the oceans’ depths, but the development of functional submersibles has provided new pathways to factual information of suboceanic phenomena. These vehicles afford many advantages over remote controlled devices, as this paper points out. However, experience has proved that adequate investigation can be accomplished only by manned vehicles, utilizing trained operators in situ and the uncomparable observational capability of the human eye.

Design requirements and operational constraints are reviewed for a small manually controlled flying vehicle which could provide astronauts with mobility for lunar exploration. Numerous flight trajectories and the vehicle performance have been analyzed and are presented. It is concluded that to attain the desired flight ranges, the flight velocities must be relatively high (200 fps or more). The range of thrust level required is determined. Flyer configuration is highly dependent on the method of control (either mechanical engine gimballing or kinesthetic control); the optimum method is still unresolved.

In the overall planning of a manned mission to Mars, all the issues related to human involvement are critical. To a certain extent, they dictate the most severe constraints on the mission scenario and spacecraft architecture. Despite this unanimously recognized importance, limited efforts have been devoted up to now to dedicated research activities on human-related aspects, partially neglected w.r.t. more technical areas like orbital dynamics, propulsion, power generation, etc. This paper summarizes the major results of a survey on the human factors of long duration missions performed by Alenia Spazio in the frame of an ESA study, MARSEMSI, whose aim was to identify possible scenarios and related infrastructure requirements for a manned mission to Mars.

The introduction of the Space Transportation System provides opportunities for improved space operations, reliability and cost effectiveness by taking advantage of man's presence. The astronaut with the proper machines can augment the Shuttle to an extent that tasks never performed in space, such as maintenance and repair of satellites and the construction of large structures can now be done. This paper addresses an evolution of one of these machines, the Manned Remote Work Station (MRWS). The MRWS is a series of EVA platforms and crew cabins that perform roles which are common on the ground such as cherry pickers, crane turrets, emergency repair vehicles and short haul transporters. Concepts and their space applications will be delineated for near term applications in support of the Space Shuttle and future applications in support of the Space Station.

A rationale will be presented,as to why a lunar base should be the next logical step of a future scenario for manned space flight preceding a flight to Mars. In this respect, the lunar base and the Mars flight examples and their life support systems will be addressed. An overview of past experiences, especially Apollo, and the current knowledge is given concerning both lunar missions and life support systems. Also, critical areas of mission design and preparation, like the necessity of precursor missions, the potential of resource utilization, radiation shielding, and life support system evolution, are addressed. This paper decribes a general development scenario for future manned missions to the Moon and Mars and why a “dress rehearsal” of a mission to Mars in the Earth-Moon-system will be necessary, and what lessons can be learned from the development of a lunar base for missions to Mars.

A description is given of a computer program developed at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center (LaRC) for the assessment of manned space station environmental control and life support systems (ECLSS) technology. The program methodology along with the data base and mission model variables are given for 17 candidate technologies that show potential for supplying metabolic oxygen and water on manned space missions. The data base includes metabolic design loads associated with crew activity, engineering design parameters for each technology option, and cost data required for candidate life cycle cost comparisons. The method for ranking the candidate options in order to provide recommendations for space station application or subsequent development is presented.

The large difference between the total numbers of manned and unmanned spacecraft and their respective missions is discussed. The environmental and functional requirements having different effects on the two spacecraft types are described. The materials characteristics involved in those requirements and the resulting typical configurations are reviewed. It is concluded that vibration and pressurized gas containment have the outstanding influence on spacecraft structural systems. It is noted that new structural factors of safety have not been derived on the basis of any rational consideration of the design conditions for stability or pressure critical structure.

The Manpower, Personnel, and Training (MPT) in Acquisition Decision Support System (DSS) is an Air Force program providing the first integrated tool for addressing MPT requirements during system acquisition and design. New weapon system development and major modifications have historically neglected how our most important and costly resource - people - will maintain and support the fielded system. Inadequate planning for training and deploying the human element has often delayed system operational dates. This DSS will assist acquisition managers and analysts to effectively integrate people issues (numbers, characteristics, proficiency) with equipment (aircraft) early in the acquisition cycle. Acquisition specialists can use the structured analysis approach provided by the MPT DSS to ensure that system people costs are affordable, jobs are properly structured, and people are trained prior to the system becoming operational.

Due to an increase in spacecraft traffic forecasted for the space station era, researchers are investigating manual control and other aspects of docking operations with hopes of increasing safety, productivity, and likelihood of success while decreasing cost. Experiments have been performed which revealed the effect of approach velocity, in-flight anomalies, and control mode. Displays have been designed to enable flight planners to more easily overcome the difficulties presented by orbital mechanics. Improved understanding of human factors in the docking mission and other orbital maneuvers will play a significant role in design tradeoffs concerning thruster size, docking fixture style and mass, and on-board trajectory planning displays.

An experiment was conducted to seek the models of the human pilot controlling a vehicle with time-varying dynamics manually. In the experiment the human pilot controlled basic first-order linear time-varying controlled elements in a compensatory closed-loop fashion for step and random inputs. The analysis of the experimental data has found that for the step input case the human pilot can be modeled as a stationary proportional-plus-integral controller, whereas for the random input case a stationary model with constant coefficients cannot describe the pilot's control behavior sufficiently well. A nonstationary time series analysis suggests that the human pilot's control behavior for the random input case is also time-varying; adapting his characteristics to the changing controlled element dynamics in such a manner that the error and output spectral characteristics do not make appreciable changes with respect to time.

In manual driven vehicle, gear change mechanism is a component that is too often taken granted but it is one of the most important feature of the vehicle. Customer touches, feels the entire vehicle through gear shift mechanism hence it must be quick and smooth in action, efficient and totally reliable. In cab over engine type truck configuration, the mechanical single rod is preferable and best efficient option for gear shift mechanism. In conventional single rod design, one end of gear shifting linkage is mounted on the engine through bracket and the lever comes inside from the cabin, beside the driver seat for changing the gears. Another end of this linkage is connected to vehicle transmission shift lever. In this conventional design, gear shift lever is having huge induced vibration, which is irritating and frustrating in nature. And during the cabin tilting at its axis, a cut out is required on cabin floor which allows cab tilting when GSL is mounted on engine.

Certain categories of vehicle users have very high expectations of comfort, with noise playing a major role in these requirements. Market research demonstrates that gear whine is an important failure mode for transmission NVH. French major OEM is developing new design methodologies which will guarantee improved NVH quality performance in all new gearbox designs. A transmission NVH simulation and analysis tool has been tested on pre-existing transmission designs to assess its capabilities in the prediction and resolution of gear whine problems. The software tool successfully predicted the vibration response of the current gearboxes. The validated model has been used to simulate parametric sensitivity of NVH performance and the software simulation tool is now part of the OEM's design and development process

Individualism is still the prime factor in any system. All managers tend to drift into establishing routines that work best for themselves. Unfortunately, these routines may not be compatible with other office requirements. Information needs to be compiled for all levels of management to assist decision-making processes. Financial reporting to stockholders, lending institutions, and governmental agencies is also a must. Practicality, cost, and time available tend to be limiting factors in satisfying everyone's data needs. Variation in the figures shown in this paper can be used to assist managers responsible for one to any number of pieces of equipment in the day-to-day activities.

Manual steering is largely employed on emergent markets and it demands high level performance to be competitive. To achieve customer satisfaction, it is important to understand physically and be able to quantify what is good performance regarding imperative steering aspects. Nevertheless, global projects and quality management require objective measurements and reference numbers. The strategy defining the measurements in order to compare among development steps and benchmark must be studied carefully. Objective measurements and subjective evaluation correlation is necessary to define the reference data. In this project, several cars were evaluated and measured performing standard maneuvers. The maneuvers were performed to obtain appropriated and enough information to understand the performance and to do the correlation. The subjective evaluation was normalized and; using objective data, parameters were calculated to represent properly and in a robust form the driver fills.

This paper presents a discussion on manual transmission torque losses and focuses specifically on the relationship between torque loss, input speed and torque. It also includes a discussion on other factors affecting torque loss, such as inclination angle and lube oil temperature. Manual transmissions used in compact light truck applications have torque losses that are a function of input speed and torque. Efficiency studies done on manual transmissions in the engine-driving mode indicate that torque losses, in other than direct-drive gears, are considerably more dependent on input torque than input speed. It was also observed that efficiency was significantly affected by the inclination angle and lube oil temperature.