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This paper describes the Electro-Multivision map navigation software mounted in the Toyota Soarer (1991). The following functions are required of on-board map navigation software: 1. Indication of the exact position of the vehicle to the driver 2. Determination of the optimum path to the destination and presentation of this route to the driver in the simplest way 3. Accommodation of a wide variety of destinations and settings for different users The following gives some examples of how these functions are achieved and outlines the associated technologies. 1. Path finding and associated display technology Path finding algorithm and technology for displaying the calculated on the map; construction of a data base on CD-ROM 2. Technology for determination of the current position utilizing map matching and the global positioning system(GPS) A method with improved reliability based on two current position outputs obtained using map matching and the GPS and the mutual compensation method 3.

This paper proposes how to develop an autonomous vehicle for factory and/or storehouse use. Where the geometric arrangement changes frequently due to the turnover of the cargo. We apply the sensor fusion technique by use of the Omni directional image sensor and laser radar generate the map of such situations. We propose a new update algorithm called SMT (Shift Matching Transform) that obtains region segments with trusted semi-real-time geometric map. We demonstrate how to determined the absolute position of the vehicle by the position information of arbitrary wall. Experimental results on the corridor, Shows the semi-real-time map reconstruction with enough validity.

Today''s maturing navigable map database serves as one of the cornerstones needed for the development and growing commercial success of ITS applications worldwide. Beyond convenience and commercial success, tomorrow''s map database will help make the automotive environment progressively safer and more secure.

Aimed to provide an effective solution for control-oriented applications, this paper proposes a novel method using a high-precision digital map to achieve high-accuracy positioning with fast updating rate. First, the map is developed using a high-definition LiDAR (Velodyne HDL 64E) and a RTK-GNSS system, which contains lane-level waypoints, road width, curb and typical obstacles along the road. Next, a robust version of ICP (Iterative Closest Point) is proposed to clean the corresponding points of large errors on map matching (MM). Finally, based on the large set of data from the environmental map, an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is applied to fuse GNSS signal and dead reckoning (DR) to estimate the position. Thus the searching scope on the map can be considerably reduced so that the matching speed can be greatly improved. The high-precision digital map can be used not only for global path planning, but also for local driving detection and path planning.

One-dimensional (1D) models are commonly employed to study the performances of turbocharged engine. Manufacturers' provided steady turbomachinery maps are usually utilized, although they operate in unsteady conditions as a consequence of pressure pulses propagating into the intake and exhaust systems. This may lead to some inaccuracies in the engine-turbocharger matching calculations, which may be solved through the introduction of proper time-delays (virtual pipe corrections). These drawbacks, however, became more relevant when engine operates under low speed and high load conditions, or during a transient maneuver, because of possibilities of compressor surging.

Sound source localization techniques in a car interior are hampered by the fact that the cavity usually is governed by a high number of (in)coherent sources and reflections. In the acoustic near field, particle velocity based intensity probes have been demonstrated to be not susceptible to these reflections allowing the individual panel contributions of these (in)coherent sources to be accurately determined. In the acoustic far field (spherical) beam forming techniques have been used outdoors in the free field, which analyze the directional resolution of a sound field incident on the array. Recently these techniques have also been applied inside cars, assuming that sound travels in a straight path from the source to the receivers. However, there is quite some evidence that sound waves do not travel in a straight line.

In engine development, the ‘mapping’ task involves producing tables and models, which define an engine's operating characteristics. Complicated engines with multiple continuously variable valvetrain mechanisms, variable compression ratio or stratified direct injection become increasingly difficult and time consuming to characterise as the number of degrees of freedom rise. ‘Model Based Calibration” tools have been developed by various companies which use Design of Experiment (DoE) techniques to improve data quality and reduce testing time. This paper describes work carried out to determine the practical advantages and limitations of different tools when applied to a high degree of freedom characterization and optimization task. The conclusions will indicate that the model-based/DoE techniques are powerful tools in many situations but require careful application to stratified engines in particular.

J1939-based networks are used in most of the in-vehicle networks in trucks and buses and in some off-road vehicles. In addition, some off-highway vehicles such as agriculture and forestry machines and military vehicles are equipped with J1939-based networks. Because in Europe, many of the super-construction manufacturers like to use off-the-shelf, price-competitive devices originally developed for other applications fields, they like to buy CANopen-based modules. CANopen is a standardized CAN-based application layer and profile specification. In order to standardize the gateway functionality, a CANopen device profile for J1939 truck gateway is introduced.

This paper presents a decoupled solution for mapping and validating complex and dynamic user interfaces (UI). Creating unique and satisfying user experiences are becoming the focus of products whereas digital user interfaces are a big part of this delivery. This tendency is coming to complex real-time systems, thus, growing the need of a proper validation of digital UIs considering its intrinsic requirements and limitations. The previous framework that ran the touchscreen tests required changes in case of UI updates while the matrix-like structure proposed gives a correlation between all to all clickable objects thus mapping all possible pathways to the many different screens.

This work presents an experimental procedure to find the best operating point for a spark ignition engine controlled by a general Engine Management System. The ECU control allows changing the ignition and fuel injection timing as a function of load and rotational speed, beyond configuring the whole system according to the sensors and actuators types. The ignition dwell time and the best moment to start the injection fuel can be controlled accurately by this system. In addition, this electronic system allows adjustments in real time with engine installed onto a dynamometric test stand. This work describes the experimental apparatus, sensors characteristics used and also the methodology to accomplish the adjustments in the ECU maps, seeking to obtain the best performance. Comparison performance data for the standard engine and the proposed configuration are presented here, showing a 50% gain for a spark ignition engine of 1300 cm3, four cylinders in line, and 16 valves.

Automobile manufacturers have experienced increasing consumer and regulatory pressure to improve fuel efficiency and crashworthiness while simultaneously decreasing overall vehicle body weight. As such, the use of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) in body panels and other structural elements is becoming more and more prevalent because these advanced materials present an economical and elegant solution to the problem. To ensure the quality and safety of AHSS components, residual stress (RS) specifications (among others) have been introduced with the intent to minimize failures experienced both in the field and during production. Moreover, when welding processes are applied to AHSS components, the localized loss of ductility in combination with tensile RS can result in localized cracking, distortion, and/or failures.

Residual stress plays an important role in fatigue life resistance of automotive components. Due to the complex nature and combination of multiple processes used in the manufacturing of these components the residual stresses present may not always be uniform. Typically most components contain both surface and sub-surface stress gradients. This leads us to the conclusion that characterizing the residual stress at one location will not generate a sufficient understanding of the stresses present. Characterizing and understanding the stress gradients will help to manage the fatigue life of various components as well as help establish proper quality control practices to ensure the presence of beneficial residual stresses at critical locations.

A recent extension of the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol allows an efficient mapping of the SAE J1850 data link messages defined by SAE J2178 into the CAN message format. Compatibility between J1850 and CAN at the message header level allows designers to use the same messages and overall communications strategy for both today's medium speed SAE Class B links and tomorrow's high speed Class C bus applications. This paper presents a proposed mapping of SAE J2178 messages into extended format CAN messages and explains the benefits of this approach for vehicle systems developers.

The comparison of CFD predictions with aerodynamic heating data must be preceded by a careful analysis of the experimental data. Of primary interest is the location of transition since boundary layer state is still a user input for most CFD codes and an error here can result in large variations between the numerical and experimental results. Transition can usually be located by observing the associated sharp rise in surface heating rate with increasing Reynolds number. However, on complex vehicles the distributions of laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow will also be complex, and a rise in heating rate may be produced by flow phenomena other than transition. This paper reviews the method used to determine boundary layer state using experimental surface pressure and heat transfer data.

This paper describes the engine mapping work carried out on a 2.1 litre carburetted petrol engine.The purpose of this work was to improve upon the emission levels of the engine to meet 1996 emission norms with sufficient margin and to achieve best fuel economy possible. This paper deals with the strategy for the selection of speed load points required for mapping depending on engine operating zones, engine base data collection, methodology followed in engine mapping, variation of engine performance and emissions with respect to air/fuel ratio and spark timing etc. Further the mass emission predictions for different strategies like leaning the air/fuel mixture, retarding the ignition timing etc. are also discussed. Recalibration of the carburettor based on the above findings, its effect on vehicle performance are dealt with.

When designing an electric vehicle (EV) traction system, overcoming the issues arising from the variations in the battery voltage due to the state of charge (SoC) is critical, which otherwise can lead to a deterioration of the powertrain energy efficiency and overall drive performance. However, systems are typically documented under fixed voltage and temperature conditions, potentially lacking comprehensive specifications that account for these variations across the entire range of the vehicle operating regions. To tackle this challenge, this paper seeks to adjust an optimal DC-link voltage across the complete range of drive operating conditions by integrating a DC-DC converter into the powertrain, thereby enhancing powertrain efficiency. This involves conducting a comprehensive analysis of power losses in the power electronics of a connected converter-inverter system considering the temperature variations, along with machine losses, accounting for variable DC-link voltages.

The induction process in a stratified engine using swirl was successfully studied by means of an analogous water model using neutral density beads. The studies revealed that the swirl generated by a masked intake valve is characterized by solid body rotation near the center and potential flow in the outer portions. The vortex is unstable and nonsymmetrical with its center of rotation offset from the cylinder axis and forming a helix extending the length of the cylinder.

Small remotely piloted aircraft (10-25 kg) powered by internal combustion engines typically operate on motor gasoline, which has an anti-knock index (AKI) of >80. To comply with the single-battlefield-fuel initiative in DoD Directive 4140.25, interest has been increasing in converting the 1-10 kW power plants in the aforementioned size class to run on lower AKI fuels such as diesel and JP-8, which have AKIs of ~20. It has been speculated that the higher losses (short-circuiting, incomplete combustion, heat transfer) that cause these engines to have lower efficiencies than their conventional-scale counterparts may also relax the fuel-AKI requirements of the engines. To investigate that idea, the fuel-AKI requirement of a 3W-55i engine was mapped and compared to that of the engine on the manufacturer-recommended 98 octane number (ON) fuel.

Automotive manufacturers are facing continuously changing Global environment. Traditionally, these manufacturers relied on structural and general durability tests to validate vehicles. For these tests to remain representative of customer usage in a Global environment, the overall surface conditions of the Global road systems must be studied. Understanding and classifying these road systems conditions is an important step in dealing with vehicle durability in the Global environment. In this paper, an approach to mapping the world road systems into Established Roads (ER) and Developing Roads (DR), utilizing Statistical Discriminant Analysis (SDA), is presented. The classification of Global regions as DR and ER road systems can be effectively used to recommend appropriate development and validation tests for each road system. A few examples are presented to demonstrate how the ER vs.

Dirt entrance on internal combustion engine's air inlet systems are a common issue to fleet owners. Heavy-duty engines are more susceptible to this due its great air volume aspirated. Aiming to avoid it manufacturers employ increasingly resources to conduct research in the field and to develop more efficient air filtration systems to reduce the probability of this occurs. Anyway, the early diagnosis are the best way to avoid expensive damages to the engine. This study aims to explain how fail due dust aspiration occurs and how to interpret periodic oil analysis in order to preserve the power units and reduce the risk of incorrect diagnosis.