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This paper involves increase in engine power by increasing bore size and stroke length along with other required engine level design modifications. Main focus is on addressing the cooling related issues by optimizing the cooling jacket design and water pump flow parameters. Engine cooling requirements need to be upgraded to address increase in thermal loads because of reduction in cooling area between cylinder block and cylinder liner due to increase in bore size keeping engine block size fixed. Methodology used is cooling jacket optimization and water pump design modifications. In internal combustion engines, cooling system involves a complex geometry of water jackets. For such complex systems, CFD simulations can be executed in a short period of time and are relatively inexpensive. CFD provides the ability to theoretically simulate any physical condition.

In order to satisfy China IV emissions regulations, a unique design concept was proposed with injector closely coupled with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system outer body. The benefit of this design is significant in cost reduction and installation convenience. One paper was published to describe the vertical inlet layout [1]; this work is the second part describing applications of this concept to horizontal inlet configurations. For horizontal inlet pipe, two mixing pipe designs were proposed to avoid urea deposit and meet EU IV emission regulations. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique was used to evaluate two design concepts; experiments were performed to validate both designs. CFD computations and experiments give the same direction on ranking of the two decomposition tubes. With the straight decomposition pipe design and unique perforated baffle design, no urea deposits were found; in addition, the emission level satisfied EU IV regulations.

Diesel exhaust aftertreatment solutions using injection, such as urea-based SCR and lean NOx trap systems, effectively reduce the emission NOx level in various light vehicles, commercial vehicles, and industrial applications. The performance of the injector plays an important role in successfully utilizing this type of technology, and the CFD tool provides not only a time and cost-saving, but also a reliable solution for extensively design iterations for optimizing the injector internal nozzle flow design. Inspired by this fact, a virtual test methodology on injector dosing rate utilizing CFD was proposed for the design process of injector internal nozzle flows.

The introduction of stringent EPA 2015 regulations for locomotive / marine engines and IMO 2016 Tier III marine engines initiates the need to develop large diesel engine aftertreatment systems to drastically reduce emissions such as SOx, PM, NOx, unburned HC and CO. In essence, the aftertreatment systems must satisfy a comprehensive set of performance criteria with respect to back pressure, emission reduction efficiency, mixing, urea deposits, packaging, durability, cost and others. For on-road and off-road vehicles, urea-based SCR has been the mainstream technology to reduce NOx emissions. For category II marine engines with single cylinder displacement volumes between 7 liters and 30 liters, IMO III (Tier IV) emission regulations dictate approximately 80% reduction of NOx emissions vs. Tier II emission regulations [1]. Urea / ammonia SCR is being considered as an enabling technology to achieve IMO III regulations without significant impacts on engine performance and fuel economy.

A novel ambient dilution tunnel has been designed, tested and employed to measure the emissions from active parked regenerations of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) for 2007 and 2010 certified heavy duty diesel trucks (HDDTs). The 2007 certified engine had greater regulated emissions than the 2010 certified engine. For a fully loaded 2007 DPF there was an initial period of very large mass emissions, which was then followed by very large number of small particle emissions. The Particle Size Distribution, PSD, was distributed over a large range from 10 nm to 10 μm. The parked regenerations of the 2010 DPF had a much lower initial emission pattern, but the second phase of large numbers of small particles was very similar to the 2007 DPF. The emission results during regeneration have been compared to total emissions from recent engine dynamometer testing of 2007 and 2010 DPFs, and they are much larger.

Currently major investments by Tier1 and vehicle manufacturers are made to implement and optimize safety critical automotive systems according to the ISO standard 26262 “Road vehicles functional safety”. The ISO 26262 standard describes methods to detect the safety critical faults of a system designed according to the rules of functional safety, but it does not describe how an actual implementation shall look like. Development of ISO 26262 standard compliant systems concentrates on optimizing and improving cost and performance in a competitive environment. More competitive and practical implementations use fewer additional hardware and software resources for safety control and error detection and have higher performance with less overhead. Microcontrollers already have implemented many safety related hardware functions, so called safety mechanisms to mitigate safety critical risks.

There are few principal excitation mechanisms that brake system NVH simulations are based on, especially the high frequency squeal simulations. These mechanisms can be described by some simple mechanical models that exhibit excitation or self-excitation effects induced by friction [1, 2]. These models use very simple friction laws of Coulomb type, described by a friction coefficient that is either a constant or simple functions of some state variables, taking into account a Stribeck characteristic. Measurements from the AK-Master or SAE J2521, however, show that the friction coefficient is not a simple function of some state variables, describing a steady state behavior of friction. In the past several years, material dependent descriptions of the frictional brake interface have started attracting attention [3]. These aspects are greatly influenced by the tribological effects at the frictional interface, which can be characterized by typical wear patterns.

The electro-mechanical brake (EMB) of Vienna Engineering (VE) uses a highly non-linear mechanism to create the high pressing force of the pad. The advantage is that the pad moves very fast when the pad pressing force is low and moves slower with increasing pressing force. The normal force in EMBs is often controlled by observing mechanical deformation to conclude to stress or force, commonly using strain gauges. It causes costs of the gauge itself and attaching them to e.g. the caliper and a sensitive amplifier. The full gauge equipment goes into the safety-related brake control system. The faintest damage (e.g. stone impacts, heat) gets the vehicle to the repair shop making expensive replacement necessary. To avoid the costs of the force measurement in the safety related system VE took the electrical motor measurements from the very beginning of the brake development for EMB control.

The four-wheel-independent Electro-hydraulic Braking system (4WI EHB) is a wet type Brake-by-Wire system for passenger vehicle and is suitable for electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) to cooperate with regenerative braking. This paper gives a review on the design concepts of the 4WI EHB from the following three aspects. 1. Hydraulic architectures. 2. Design concepts of the brake actuator. 3. Installation of the components on the vehicle. Simulations and experiments are carried out to further explore the performance of hydraulic backup and implicit hardware redundancy (IHR). A method to integrate the IHR with hydraulic backup without increasing the total amount of valves is proposed, making the IHR cost and weight competitive. By reviewing various design concepts and analyzing their advantages and drawbacks, a cost and weight competitive design concept of the 4WI EHB with good fail-safe and fault-tolerant performance is proposed.

This study is focused on the detailed experimental investigation of jet boat-tail (JBT) passive flow control bluff body models to reduce the base pressure drag. The JBT technique is employed through an open inlet at the leading edge of the bluff body along with a circumferential jet at the trailing edge in order to energize the base flow using the high kinetic energy flow from freestream. As a consequence, entrainment of the main flow into base flow region is initiated earlier downstream. A reduction in the turbulent fluctuation of the wake can be observed in addition to a decrease of the recirculation region velocity. Using 2D/3C Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), two models with different inlet sizes are tested. The large flow rate model is designed with an inlet area 4.7 times greater than the other JBT prototype. The wind tunnel experimental results show a substantial reduction in the wake width and depth for the two models, which indicates a significant drag reduction.

This paper will discuss how different forms of producing supplemental vacuum have varying effects on overall vehicle efficiency. The once reliable source of vacuum from the engine is becoming increasingly scarce due to higher efficiencies from modern IC engines and the growing use of turbochargers. This need for supplemental vacuum has led to several solutions to support vacuum needs, particularly for supplying the booster for brake assist. Using simulated vehicle environments for the various forms of supplemental vacuum the behavior of each can be better understood. Using this simulated environment the actual power consumed by each method of supplemental vacuum production can be accurately measured over various drive cycles and conditions including engine speed and brake applications. Depending on the means of supplemental vacuum the respective energy consumption can be applied to a vehicle model to show the end effects of each solution on a number of levels.

This paper discusses the behavior of a flexible flap at the rear end of a generic car model under aerodynamic loads. A strong bidirectional coupling between the flap's deflection and the flow field exists which requires this system to be simulated in a coupled fluid-structure manner. A coupled transient aerodynamic and structural simulation is performed for a generic car model with a flexible/deformable flap at the rear end. An automatic workflow is established which generates new flap designs, derived from an initial flap design by applying a mesh deformation technology, and performs the coupled fluid-structure interaction analysis. For each shape variation, the flap's maximum displacement is monitored and used to classify the individual flap designs. This process allows for design of experiment (DOE) studies in an automated manner. Several shape variations of the flap and their impacts on the maximum deflection are investigated.

A challenge for the aerodynamic optimization of trucks is the limited availability of wind tunnels for testing full scale trucks. FAW wants to introduce a development process which is mainly based on CFD simulation in combination with some limited amount of wind tunnel testing. While maturity of CFD simulation for truck aerodynamics has been demonstrated in recent years, a complete validation is still required before committing to a particular process. A 70% scale model is built for testing in the Shanghai Automotive Wind Tunnel Center (SAWTC). Drag and surface pressures are measured for providing a good basis for comparison to the simulation results. The simulations are performed for the truck in the open road driving condition as well as in an initial digital model of the aerodynamic wind tunnel of SAWTC. A full size truck is also simulated in the open road driving condition to understand the scaling effect.

The main purpose of this study is the development of an innovative methodology for Heat Exchangers (HE) design to replace the conventional design procedures. The new procedure is based on the definition of a software package managed by modeFRONTIER, a multi-objective optimization software produced by ESTECO, able to create HE virtual models by targeting several objectives, like HE performance, optimal use of material, HE minimal weight and size and optimal manufacturability. The proposed methodology consists first in the definition of a workflow for the automatic CFD simulation of a parametric model of a periodic HE cellular element.

The paper studies on the basis of VOITH R133-2 hydraulic retarder, the inlet and outlet structures of the oil passage on the stator are rearranged, which are made a more uniform structure distribution. In order to find out the characteristics of this kind of structure arrangement. The flow passage models for two different structures are established, and the internal flow field characteristics are studied by using the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) method. The flow rules of the internal oil, the distribution of pressure field and velocity field as well as output braking torque are obtained. The results show that rearranged structure retarder has a more uniform pressure distribution and a lower output braking torque than original structure retarder. And the simulation verifies the effectiveness of simulating true flow by CFD in hydraulic retarder flow field and conduct retarder design and structure optimization.

The highest goal for a good brake system design must be that the vehicle when braking obtains a shorter stopping distance does not leave the track and remains steerable. From the perspective of road traffic, safety and for avoidance of accidents the time and location of a vehicle coming to halt after braking are crucial. In heavy commercial vehicle having longer wheel base, pneumatic brake system is being used.The pneumatic brake system configuration has to be designed in such a way that the response time should meet the safety regulation standards and thereby achieve shorter stopping distance and vehicle stability. Validating the effectiveness of pneumatic brake system layout experimentally on stopping distance and vehicle stability is expensive. This paper deals with the modeling of a typical heavy commercial vehicle along with the entire pneumatic brake system layout with actuating valves, control valves and foundation brakes to predict the dynamic behavior and stopping distance.

The brake system and components are essential active safety systems for users of motor vehicles, one common NVH phenomenon known as Brake Disc Thermal Coning creates a perception of poor braking system performance. Although Brake Disc Thermal Coning does not deteriorate the braking distance or the vehicle performance, is a concern for the customer who identifies any undesired vibration as a potential performance loss resulting in complaints and warranty claims. In order to increase the quality, and reliability of the products, Automotive OEMs have created processes and tests, today incorporating the ones based in computational solutions, to identify, prevent and correct potential issues before its present in the final product.

Aerodynamic testing of heavy commercial vehicles is of increasing interest as demands for dramatically improved fuel economy take hold. Various challenges which compromise the fidelity of wind tunnel simulations must be overcome in order for the full potential of sophisticated aerodynamic treatments to be realized; three are addressed herein. First, a limited number of wind tunnels are available for testing of this class of vehicle at large scales. The authors suggest that facilities developed for large or full-scale testing of race cars may be an important resource. Second, ground simulation in wind tunnels has led to the development of Moving Ground Plane (MGP, aka Rolling Road (RR)) systems of various types. Questions arise as to the behavior of MGP/RR systems with vehicles at large yaw angles. It can actually be deduced that complete simulation of crosswind conditions on an open road in a wind tunnel may be impractical.

This paper proposes a fast and simple model of a Compressed Natural Gas indirect injection system to predict the system dynamics with high accuracy for different operating conditions. In a retrofit system the CNG Engine Control Unit (ECU) is able to translate the petrol ECU control strategy in CNG operation. The adaptation of the engine to the natural gas type is handled by using the factory engine control strategy embodied in the factory ECU. The ECU monitors the engine through various sensors and controls its operation using a variety of actuators. Because of many input parameters, the control over the engine becomes quite complex. The use of advanced emission control systems makes such process even more complicated. The new Gas Control Unit is used to reprogram the ECU control parameters to correspond with the use of Natural Gas along with the characteristics of the Natural Gas injectors.

To shorten the development cycle and ensure the stability of the products, based on RNG k-e turbulence model and porous model, 3 dimension (3D) flow field Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is adopted to calculate the radiator group performance for a engineering vehicle being developed. Air-side flow field simulations of the radiator unit model are carried out firstly to obtain the radiators' air-side characteristics; then, the air flow and heat transfer in the whole air channel containing the radiator group are simulated simultaneously to get the inlet and outlet water temperatures of radiator group, at last, the real vehicle test is carried out to verify the simulation results.