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THIS paper evaluates a new class of detergents, specially effective in controlling sludge formation at the low or moderate temperatures most often encountered in passenger-car operation. This new Detergent C (a copolymer of lauryl methacrylate plus diethylaminoethyl methacry-late) has undergone extensive bench and laboratory tests in comparison with three other major classes of detergent. It exhibits, among other attributes: 1. Complete solubilization of sludge. 2. Complete carbon suspension under both wet and dry conditions. 3. Residual detergency, as indicated by dispersancy in blotter tests under wet and dry conditions. 4. Ability to prevent agglomeration and precipitation of sludge formed during oxidation of lubricating oils, with and without presence of water. 5. Effective sludge suspension after 40-hr laboratory tests, and after several months of storage.

DEVELOPMENT of an explosion- and fire-suppression system is described here. The system consists of two components, a detector and a capsule, which are placed in the volume to be protected. The explosions encountered in aircraft fuel tanks can be started by either high- or low-energy ignition sources, necessitating a wide range of detection times. Therefore, three types of explosion detectors have been designed, two visual, and one pressure rate of rise. Each of these detectors has a particular advantage, making it possible to meet any requirement for a particular installation. When ignition occurs, the detector senses the explosion, causing an electric current to flow to the capsule. This sets off an explosive charge, which supplies the force to burst the capsule and disperse the suppressing agent. Of the many fire-extinguishing agents that have been studied, the new halogenated compounds have been found to present the most desirable characteristics.

VEHICLE weighing is playing an increasingly important part in highway department planning surveys, in addition to its traditional role in helping fleet owners maintain safe loads and in the enforcement of state road load limits. Described here is a relatively recent electronic method for weighing trucks of all types. Statically, it can be used for accurate loading of commodities such as cement, at the same time recording empty weight, gross weight, and axle weights. On the road, without the annoyance of weighing stations, it can record truck speed and weight, axle spacing, and individual axle loads. Constant improvements in equipment, the author reports, eventually will eliminate even the small error now encountered in comparison with static weighing.

A much higher degree of skill is required in lubricating automotive wheel bearings. This skill requirement coupled with many varying recommendations for wheel bearing lubrication has resulted in a situation where the majority of wheel bearing and wheel bearing grease complaints are caused by mishandling of product and by improper servicing. In recognition of this problem, the Technical Committee of the National Lubricating Grease Institute established a Subcommittee which developed “Recommended Practices for Lubricating Automotive Front Wheel Bearings”. These procedures incorporated suggestions made by oil companies and automobile, truck, and bearing manufacturers. Universal adoption and application of these recommended practices and more uniform recommendations by the automotive and petroleum industries will “take the confusion out of wheel bearing lubrication”.

THE new Chevrolet engine offers, the authors say, the smallest and lightest commercial V-8 power package for its 265-cu-in. displacement. This has been accomplished by an 0.8/1 stroke/ bore ratio, and by weight economies throughout the engine which add up to an assembly lighter by 41 lb than the Chevrolet Six. New also are its cylinder block casting method, which uses only nine major and three minor cores; its valve-operating mechanism, which features completely independent rocker arms; a lubrication system with short, clean oil passages drilled in the block, none in the cylinder head; and a single intake manifold casting that also forms the top enclosure of the engine and includes provision for hot water heater take-off, cross-over for exhaust heat to the carburetor, distributor mounting, oil filler, thermostat housing, water outlet to the radiator, and water temperature gage hole.

THE Nomad compounded diesel engine described in this paper has been developed by Napier during the past seven years. Resulting from the combination of a diesel engine with a gas turbine, the engine gives lower fuel consumptions than can be obtained from any other type of powerplant and maintains these consumptions over a wide range of aircraft speeds and altitudes. These characteristics, which are still further improved by the ability to use cheap fuels, produce an engine making possible extreme economy for air transport purposes and very long-range operations for either military or civil purposes.

RESULTS of a laboratory study of some of the factors causing wear, scuffing, and spalling in passenger-car engines, with emphasis on the lubricating oil variables involved, are reported in this paper, which is part of the Symposium on Cam and Tappet Wear. The tests show that piston-ring and valve-lifter wear and spalling of some valve-lifter materials seem to be greater with low-viscosity oils such as SAE 5W-20 and 10W. Certain antiwear lubricating oil additives reduce valve-lifter and ring wear but may increase spalling of chilled iron lifters. However, using an oil with good antiwear properties for engine break-in will not prevent future lifter wear if the engine is operated with an oil of poor antiwear characteristics.

HEAVY-DUTY rear axles are analyzed in this paper - the first L. Ray Buckendale Lecture to be delivered. The author presents a practical method of evaluating heavy-duty rear axles, with emphasis on performance and axle ratio. The major part of the paper is devoted to a discussion of the four functions of rear axles, as follows: (1) To carry the load, (2) to transmit driving torque, (3) to allow differential action, and (4) to help stop the vehicle.

FORMULAS relating the various factors of an adjustable-speed V-belt drive-speed variation, power transmission, and service life-are presented here for the first time. Use of these formulas eliminates previous trial-and-error methods of variable-speed-drive designing. Following the procedures and data given in this paper, the designer can now calculate a drive knowing that a V-belt of satisfactory quality will give satisfactory service within the limits of certain design assumptions.

DESCRIBED here is a new nickel-base alloy offering a combination of high-temperature strength, adequate ductility, and low strategic alloy content. Used in gas-turbine buckets where extremely high temperatures are encountered, GMR-235 has undergone a program of laboratory testing, development of foundry production and control methods, and extensive field testing with no failures.

Development, performance and description of a unique new centrifugal supercharger which provides large increases in engine power with present-day fuels. The variable speed V-belt drive with pneumatic control provides (1) maximum air pressure over a wide operating range, (2) protection against over-speed and (3) a lower speed economy range. Data is presented on a low cost, quiet, high-speed drive for which very little information had been available. Life testing and performance indicate it to be a desirable means of increasing power and economy in both diesel and gasoline engines without resorting to extreme engine speeds.