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Two new compact loader tractors, the 3200B and 3300B, have been developed. This paper discusses some of their general features, and two features of importance-their fore and aft stability and the pivot-mounted drive system. In addition, the powertrain, transmission controls, and hydraulic system are covered.

Two high performance industrial machines, the 3400 and 3500 International industrial loader-backhoe, featuring a balanced system of loader integral frame tractor and backhoe design have been introduced to the market. These combinations with matched hydraulic systems optimize operator comfort with machine durability and productivity.

The hydrogen engine is one of the promising technologies that enables carbon-neutral mobility, especially in heavy-duty on- or off-road applications. In this paper, a methodological procedure for the design of the combustion system of a hydrogen-fueled, direct injection spark ignited commercial vehicle engine is described. In a preliminary step, the ability of the commercial 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code AVL FIRE classic to reproduce the characteristics of the gas jet, introduced into a quiescent environment by a dedicated H2 injector, is established. This is based on two parts: Temporal and numerical discretization sensitivity analyses ensure that the spatial and temporal resolution of the simulations is adequate, and comparisons to a comprehensive set of experiments demonstrate the accuracy of the simulations. The measurements used for this purpose rely on the well-known schlieren technique and use helium as a safe substitute for H2.

1984 marked the year J I Case Company introduced the new 94 Series Agricultural Tractors. With this introduction, a new model tractor was added to the line-up, the 400 horsepower Case 4994. The tractor utilizes a 12-speed, full-power shift transmission, a transmission which required an advanced method of shift control. Technical advances made possible the use of a microprocessor to control not only the transmission of this tractor, but the steering system as well. The following paper demonstrates how this microprocessor has been incorporated into controlling these important functions, as well as displaying many basic self-diagnostic functions to the operator.

This paper traces the 15 year development of a large front end loader, from prototype to maturity. Emphasis is placed on: the principal problems that lay in its path and their solution; the performance improvements that made the 600 a prime loading tool; the specification changes that reflect the input of the maintenance and operating people; and the adaptations that tailored the 600 to unique applications.

Customer market surveys indicated a need for a larger rubber-tired loader than that which was currently available. They also showed that a dozer was required of the same tractor size which would perform tasks between the heavy bulldozing done by the tracked bulldozer and light grading done by the motor grader. Discussed are the features required of the 988, 5-1/2 yd articulated loader and the 824B articulated bulldozer, the similarities between both machines, and the loader design considerations and the components used. Loader prototypes were built and tested at Caterpillar Proving Grounds and in the field to determine vehicle performance and reliability. Results indicated that two similar machines can be concepted, designed, and built for different applications.

Today's ABS sytems for commercial vehicles and trailers reflect specific solutions for individual vehicle model wiring and control features. In addition, the chassis mounting requirements for trailer applications uses a separate sealed housing for the relay and other sensitive components. A logical progression of design development resulted in the new ABS 6S/4K open system with the ability of being adaptable to specific vehicle control requirements. A variety of different component arrangements can be accommodated. Accordingly, it does not require a standard wiring harness. Wiring is left optional for the specific vehicle configuration. The housing may be frame mounted without any special protection and therefore can cover both trailer and tractor applications. The housing is designed to provide necessary protection from water and dirt. The electronic senses the peripheral component configuration via a simple “learning” procedure.

Engine speed fluctuations have been used to detect and identify misfiring cylinders in multi-cylinder internal combustion engines for many years. The bulk of previous research in this area has concentrated upon steady-state engine operation while sampling engine speed many times during each crankshaft revolution. This paper examines the use of engine speed fluctuations for diagnostic purposes during free acceleration and deceleration of the engine and the possible advantages of transient testing over steady-state testing Previous researchers employed crankshaft encoders or similar devices, which are not available on production engines, to sense angular position. This paper examines the use of the spark initiation signal, from which most present shop diagnostic equipment determines engine speed. Methods for testing overall engine torque and cylinder-to-cylinder torque balance using the spark initiation signal are investigated.

The In-Depth Investigations of the Accident Research Unit Hannover (Germany), which have been carried out since 1973 are described in the paper. The importance of the detailed analysis consists in the method, in the statistical approach and the continuous data collection over the years. The government as well as industrial manufacturers use this data. Since 1985 a statistical procedure including a mathematical weighting procedure has been applied. About 1000 cases per year are collected. In the paper, principal aspects in the technique of data collection, definitions of variables and possibilities of data usage are described. The limitations of in-depth investigations are discussed in principle, and demands for a worldwide level are pointed out.

An experiment was conducted to examine the validity of freely available photo-based 3D scanning software for generating accurate 3D geometry of a vehicle. Currently, 3D vehicle geometry is routinely captured using total station survey equipment, coordinate measuring machines (CMM), laser scanning, or traditional point-based photogrammetry. While these methods produce sufficiently accurate results for collision reconstruction, they have limitations that can affect practical implementation. For example, manual surveying with a total station, CMM or traditional photogrammetry are all limited to the production of coordinate data at discrete, pre-defined points. In addition, total stations, CMMs and laser scanning devices are also expensive and require a significant amount of time in the field with the vehicle. In contrast, photo-based 3D scanning allows a 3D mesh to be created of a vehicle simply from a series of photographs using a consumer-grade digital camera.

Historically, the opposed-piston two-stroke diesel engine set combined records for fuel efficiency and power density that have yet to be met by any other engine type. In the latter half of the twentieth century, the advent of modern emissions regulations stopped the wide-spread development of two-stroke engine for on-highway use. At Achates Power, modern analytical tools, materials, and engineering methods have been applied to the development process of an opposed-piston two-stroke engine, resulting in an engine design that has demonstrated a 15.5% fuel consumption improvement compared to a state-of-the-art 2010 medium-duty diesel engine at similar engine-out emissions levels. Furthermore, oil consumption has been measured to be less than 0.1% of fuel over the majority of the operating range. Additional benefits of the opposed-piston two-stroke diesel engine over a conventional four-stroke design are a reduced parts count and lower cost.

A hydraulic excavator in the 40000 lbs. to 46000 lbs. class that is self-transportable at highway speeds has been developed. The excavator consists of a modified 44000 lbs. hydraulic excavator upper-structure and attachment mounted on a custom 6×4 or 6×6 undercarriage. This results in an excavator having the performance of a 1 cubic yard hydraulic excavator and the transportability of an over the road truck.

To many, a digital twin offers “functionality,” or the ability to virtually rerun events that have happened on the real system and the ability to simulate future performance. However, this requires models based on the physics of the system to be built into the digital twin, links to data from sensors on the real live system, and sophisticated algorithms incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). All of this can be used for integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) decisions, such as determining future failure, root cause analysis, and optimized energy performance. All of these can be used to make decisions to optimize the operation of an aircraft—these may even extend into safety-based decisions.

The special attributes of the modern gas-fired V160 Stirling engine, from Stirling Power Systems Corporation, are discussed, and its advantages as a heat pump drive presented. The program, aimed at the light commercial market in the 10 ton range, is sponsored by the Gas Research Institute. The main subsystems of the V160 external combustion Stirling engine are discussed and performance data are included. Contractor activities are listed and preliminary results are given of a computer based heat pump performance model, comparing a gas furnace, an electric motor driven heat pump and a V160 engine driven heat pump.

Iveco has started production of new advanced diesel engine Cursor 8 in 1998. In 1999 this was followed with the new Cursor 10 engine which reaches a maximum power of 316 kW with a displacement of 10,3 dm3 and continuous the strategy of developing high BMEP engines which Iveco began more than 10 years ago. This approach shows the benefits of reduced noise, weight and fuel consumption in trucks in comparison to engines having a larger cylinder capacity with the same power. Together with the engine, Iveco introduces an electronic control system with full authority on every operating condition, realising a true drive-by-wire mode of truck operation. The control of fuelling, boosting, braking and cold starting gives the driver full comfort and guarantees that the engine produces optimum performance under every circumstance. An advanced diagnostic system warns about deviations from acceptable operating conditions or fault occurrences.

Meeting the challenges of today's competitive and customer oriented transportation environment requires quick actions. Navistar's Advanta Concept Truck was developed in a very short time period, barely two months from concept to show truck. A newly engineered model with a new technology engine and new interior contributed to the exciting product content. New technologies such as Solids Modeling and Rapid Prototyping made some of the features possible. Following several months of shows around the country, another challenge began. “Clones” and kit parts were made from the concept truck.

A generic articulated heavy vehicle model, applied to a tractor semi trailer combination is modelled on an approach characterised by simplicity. Yet, the handling characteristics accuracy serves well within the frequency domain of interest. Possessing the capacity of performing in real time simulation up to the limits of yaw and roll stability, its simplicity derives advantages offering effective parameter variation possibilities at an elevated educational level. As an example, better understanding of the expected wheel angle deviation from the current wheel spindle angle is achieved through an extension of the model. Validated against field experiments of lane change manoeuvring under high friction conditions up to the limit of roll stability, it also compan?s well against a more complex computer model.

The development of a new Dongfeng Heavy truck had very strict targets for fuel consumption. As the aerodynamic drag plays a crucial role for the fuel consumption, a low drag value had to be achieved. It was therefore essential to include evaluation and optimization of the aerodynamics in the development process. Because wind tunnel facilities were not available, the complete aerodynamics development was based on digital simulation. The major portion of the aerodynamic optimization was carried out during the styling phase where mirrors, sun visor, front bumper and aero devices were optimized for drag reduction. For optimizing corner vanes and mud guards, self-soiling from the wheel spray was included in the analysis. The aero results did also show that cooling air flow rates are sufficiently high to ensure proper cooling. During the detailed engineering phase an increase of the drag above the target required further optimization work to finally reach the target.

An explanation of the methods and communications required by the Allied Equipment Manufacturer and the OEM to successfully attach Allied/Auxiliary Equipment to mobile hydraulic construction equipment.

The final production culmination of the HD41 tractor represents an evolution of engineering criteria, design, testing, integrated manufacturing, and after sales-service techniques. It is also very representative of the engineering and technological challenges associated with the extrapolation of unit size to meet the requirement for larger, more productive units in today's expanding earthmoving and construction business.