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The Ford Stratified Charge Combustion Process (FCP) which utilizes direct fuel injection has been further developed for reduced exhaust emissions. With air throttling, exhaust gas recirculation, low thermal inertia exhaust manifold, and a noble metal catalyst, low gaseous emissions have been achieved at low mileage on a 1/4 ton military utility truck with acceptable fuel economy and drivability. Dynamometer and vehicle emission data and details of the fuel injection and air-fuel ratio control system are described.

This paper is a progress report on the conversion of the military L-141 gasoline engine to the Texaco Controlled-Combustion System and the evaluation of naturally aspirated and turbocharged installations in an M-151 vehicle. Relative to the standard gasoline vehicle, significant improvement in fuel economy with low exhaust emission levels were demonstrated as were the multifuel capabilities and excellent cold starting facility of the combustion concept. Possibilities for further improvement in TCCS exhaust quality through adjustment of operating parameters and add-on devices are also presented. This work was done under contract to the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Command.

Continuing engineering educational programs provided at General Motors Institute are described. Resident and in-plant educational programs are discussed which are provided for maintenance, technician and engineering personnel. Some of the changes in emphasis occurring in electrical technology today due to developments in solid-state electronics are outlined.

A system is described which permits analysis of problems and rank ordering of action alternatives in areas of environmental concern. Complex interrelationships of various types of problems are discussed. Factors, to be considered and weighed before establishing program priorities, are pointed out. It is concluded that only through use of a logical systematic approach to environmental problems can panic programs be avoided and money and manpower be utilized most effectively.

A reliable high-temperature thermocouple for sensing turbine inlet temperature of a gas turbine engine has been developed. This sensor employs noble-metal thermoelements but retains the high signal level associated with base-metal thermocouples. A unique system of secondary junctions, contained within the device itself, allows transition to relatively inexpensive standard thermocouple materials. The development of different sampling type protective probes, including an air-cooled design, accompanied the development of the thermoelements. Some of the unsuccessful as well as the successful steps in the development are discussed, and some thoughts on future temperature sensors are given.

Advances in the development of radiation pyrometry for measuring the blade temperature in gas-turbine engines are reported. In this system, engine-mounted sensor heads collect thermal radiation from either a spot or a reasonably large area of the turbine blade. High-temperature fiber optics transmit the radiation to a remote detector housing where the photons are converted into an electrical signal by a silicon photovoltaic cell. A signal processor measures and displays on a real-time basis three temperature characteristics of the turbine blades with response better than 10 ms in most cases. Recent developments include smaller electronics, practical sensor heads, and 5000 h fiber optics. Importance of measuring the blade temperature, potential uses of the data, and actual engine tests are described.

Pavement characteristics are dominant in the prevention of wet skidding accidents. The tire modifies the pavement properties together with the climatic conditions. Laboratory methods and site investigations have led to an understanding of the relative importance of pavement macro- and microtexture and to the isolation of the factors influencing wet road-hold of vehicles. Improvements in pavement characteristics are urgently required if wet skidding accidents are to be reduced; these changes will also influence future tire design.

This paper outlines the design features of the 4-cyl, overhead camshaft 1.6-liter Dodge Colt engine together with four other single and double overhead camshaft engines in the same family. These engines have been developed for high performance with a compact size and reduced weight. The Dodge Colt engine, in particular, has been designed to be in compliance with stringent 1972 United States emissions standards. Emission controls achieved with this engine, such as improved combustion chamber design of small surface/volume ratio and various control systems, are described in some detail.

An analytical method is described for estimating and graphically comparing the amounts of mass emissions from automobiles, buses, commuter trains, and rail transit given the emission characteristics of each type of vehicle. Emissions considered included carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). These mass emissions are expressed in “grams per person mile” as well as “grams per vehicle mile” in order to consider their quantity based on the movement of people as well as on the movement of vehicles. The relative effects of these pollutants are also presented. Information from this method can be used to estimate the quantity of emissions produced in a specified area given the travel characteristics of that area. Changes in the amount of emissions resulting from persons who change their mode of travel can also be estimated. An example is used to demonstrate the method and application.

A simple method of weighting emissions data to provide a relation between source mass emissions and the resulting impact on air pollution is proposed. The importance of the following factors are considered: chemical severity of the pollutant species, source effectiveness, population exposure, and area severity. The selection of these factors is described with particular attention to the obtaining of chemical severity factors from air quality standards. Qualifications upon the use of this weighting scheme are outlined. Application to the Los Angeles and San Francisco bay areas show that weighted emissions of transportation sources are less than their mass emissions, while weighted emissions of all other pollutant sources are greater than their mass emissions. In both cases, transportation remains the dominant pollution source category.

The presently used laboratory hypoid gear scoring tests are described and the deficiencies are noted. The inadequacies of these tests led to the development of a test device and a procedure designed to evaluate gear lubricants more accurately. An account of the development of the test system with the cooperation of the Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC) is given. The unique design features of the gearbox and the test gears are described. An account is given of the steps in the test development and the use of the CRC reference oils in this development. The test is capable of evaluating the scoring resistance of hypoid gear oils covering a range of performance levels from RGO 104 to RGO 110. Data on repeatability are presented.

A testing technique has been evolved using typical United States and European production multicylinder gasoline engines to assess the effect of quantity and type of lubricant ash on surface ignition. Results indicate that, for a given metal type of additive, high-ash lubricants have a greater propensity to surface ignition than corresponding low-ash blends. Tests at a constant ash level show magnesium-based lubricants to be less prone to such problems than barium- or calcium-based lubricants.

The cold pumpability characteristics of a group of commercial premium crankcase oils were evaluated at 0 and -20 F in a test stand engine. A test procedure was developed for these evaluations which gave results that compared favorably with those obtained in two popular makes of test cars at 0 F. In a second, more detailed, phase of this study, the effects of fourteen factors on the cold pumpability of several crankcase oils were investigated. The data from both phases were then analyzed to determine if an oil's cold pumpability in an engine could be predicted from its CCS viscosity, Brookfield viscosity, GM pour time, or ASTM pour point.

Tests were conducted throughout the temperature range of -65-0 F with a truck axle equipped with observation windows and temperature-measuring equipment. Twenty-one test lubricants encompassing a wide range of physical properties were employed in the investigation. Based upon this study, the flow characteristics of satisfactory sub-zero gear lubricants have been identified. Correlations of the truck axle flow results with several commonly specified tests for fluidity were attempted and discussed. The development of a small axle flow simulator is described, and its correlations with full-scale axle flow results are discussed.

The performance characteristics of a naturally aspirated two-cycle engine can be predicted with an unsteady gas dynamics analysis of flow through the crankcase and cylinder; such an analysis provides values of volumetric efficiency and trapping pressure at any given engine speed. The predictions of the volumetric efficiency and trapping pressure are compared with experimental values from a high-specific-output engine and further amplified with theoretical/experimental comparisons of pressure-time histories taken in the exhaust, transfer, and inlet systems at several engine speeds. The theoretical derivation of unsteady gas dynamic cylinder to pipe boundary conditions is presented so that they become both economical of computer time and mathematically stable.

Maximum temperature is a critical parameter in the control of any thermodynamic cycle. Fast and precise temperature control means improved specific fuel consumption and increased engine life by making it possible to maintain the engine at or near its maximum temperature, yet not exceeding it. The fluidic temperature sensor is the first direct measuring sensor that offers both long life and fast response. It is applicable to mass production techniques and is ideally suited to vehicular and commercial gas turbine usage, as well as other types of heat engines.

A market existed in the 2-cycle engine field for an internal combustion engine in the 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 in3 displacement range for the original equipment manufacturer. The engine had to be lightweight, compact, low in manufacturing costs, and yet offer high power output and continuous operation. For this market, O & R Engines, Inc. designed the 2-CID Model 20 engine. The design filled a further requirement of the OEM by providing the flexibility of component design and arrangement. This paper discusses these design aspects.

A computer program has been developed which predicts the sound pressure level and the frequency spectrum produced by simple engine exhaust systems. The program utilizes unsteady flow gas dynamic theory to predict the pressure-time history in the exhaust system and the velocity-time history at the open end of the system. Acoustic theory is then used to predict the sound pressure levels and frequency spectrum in free space. The work was carried out on a twin-cylinder four-cycle engine, but the theory can be applied to any internal combustion engine.

This paper presents the results of a study to determine the factors required to monitor visual range. Equations are presented that indicate that it is possible to monitor visual range by using measurements of scene luminance, atmospheric backscatter, and ambient light levels. The concept of a device that could monitor a driver's visual range using these measurements is also described.

Instrumentation has been developed to track and record dynamically an automobile driver's voluntary and involuntary eye motions with no encumbrance to the driver's head or eye. This portable eye-tracking system makes possible field studies of the driver's: 1. angle of gaze referenced to the scene. 2. involuntary eye motions as possible indications of physiological state (fatigue, intoxication, etc.). 3. pupil response.