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The purpose of this study is to compare the dust loading behavior of ten filter media. The filters are used in engine air filtration, self-cleaning industrial air cleaners, building heating ventilation and cooling (HVAC), automotive cabin air filtration, air respirators, and general purpose air cleaning. Several types of filter media are tested. The filters include cellulose, synthetic (felt), glass, dual-layered glass/cellulose, mixed synthetic/glass, gradient packing glass, and electrically charged fibers. The initial pressure drops and fractional collection efficiencies as a function of particle size are reported. The filters were evaluated with two test dusts to investigate the size-dependent dust loading behavior. The two test dusts are SAE fine and submicron alumina powder (median diameter 0.25 μm). The results are analyzed and compared. It was found that the cellulose filters exhibited surface loading behavior and have the fastest growth of pressure drops.

The primary purpose of using automotive engine and interior air filtration systems is to reduce the airborne contaminant level entering the engine and passenger compartment. However, the reasons for using such systems are different. The engine air filter should protect the engine from potentially abrasive contaminants causing engine wear. On the other hand, a well designed interior air filter can reduce the concentration of respirable particles, especially allergens, while increasing passenger comfort. The performance of engine and cabin air filters is evaluated by measuring filtration characteristics according to SAE J726 and J1669 standards respectively. To achieve the maximum performance of the filtration system under real conditions, the definition of filter performance must be closely related to the application of the filter. In this paper, standards and filtration characteristics for both applications will be investigated.

Torque converter clutch friction interface and automatic transmission fluid (ATF) temperatures, pressure difference across the clutch piston, flow through the friction material grooves, and engine crankshaft dynamic torque were measured for typical operating conditions on a running transmission. The friction coefficient, clutch unit pressure, fraction of heat rejected to ATF flowing through the grooves, and time dependent thermal response were determined. Simplified heat transfer calculations were compared with thermal data. Clutch interface temperatures were assessed as they relate to the process of friction material and ATF degradation. The inductively powered radiotelemetry system was found to be a robust and powerful tool for investigating continuously slipping clutch system performance.

The quantification of automotive interior air filter performance can involve several laboratory tests including pressure drop, efficiency, dust holding capacity and a variety of physical properties of the filters. Since cabin air filtration is one of the fastest growing global automotive filter markets, the need for a reliable test procedure has become critical. The SAE J1699 and DIN 71460 test procedures describe the measurement of filter performance characteristics; however, the recommended test stand design, instrumentation and challenge aerosol are not the same. This paper presents the results of an examination of the differences between both standards and their influence on measured filter performance characteristics. The accurate determination of filter performance can be achieved when the sources of test variability are controlled and minimized.

A new experimental apparatus to visualize and measure the flow in the stator of a torque converter is proposed. A one-sided coaxial shaft constructed of an input shaft and an output shaft provides an open space inside the stator shaft for measurement. Through the window on the stator shaft, the flow in the stator can be directly observed. We also improved the laser sheet lighting method into the blade passage by using a mirror inside the blade. By visualizing the flow with the laser sheet lighting method, we found that the flow around the leading edge has different separation regions along the blade span. Furthermore, by using a laser doppler velocimeter, velocity vectors and turbulence intensities were measured in three stator blades of different thicknesses with the same camber line. The thickness of the stator blades affects the flow patterns.

In 1973, Sauzedde [1] wrote a paper that is commonly considered the benchmark document on roller One-Way Clutch (OWC) analysis and design. Among other topics, Sauzedde led the reader through analyses on contact stress, outer ring hoop stress, and roller centrifugal force computations. Following this seminal paper, several enhancements were presented, further refining the original equations [2] and better describing roller mechanics [3]. At the time these papers were written, the automotive industry in the U.S. predominantly used the English system of measure. The use of English units often obscured the original derivations of constants used in the equations. The purpose of this paper is to present the equations used in roller OWC analysis and design in terms of dimensionless units.

This paper presents a new electronic torque split four-wheel-drive system called All-Mode 4WD, which has been adopted in the latest generation of sport-utility vehicles (SUVs). As a torque split system designed specifically for SUV use, it provides stable driving performance matching the driver's intentions under all sorts of operating conditions, from a completely natural on-road driving feel to powerful traction for off-road travel.

Four forces act in rings for a metal pushing V-belt. These forces are: two kinds of intercepting forces which prevent blocks from going outside of pulleys (one caused by pulley thrust, the other caused by centrifugal force), frictional force acting between the rings and the blocks, and bending force in longitudinal direction. In the previous paper (1)(2)(3)(5), distribution of three forces, excluding centrifugal force, were presented at low belt speed. We successfully measured all four kinds of forces including centrifugal force continuously at practical operation conditions for layered rings. In this paper, distribution of these four forces on the innermost ring is described at steady states.

Continuously variable transmissions, commonly known as CVT's, have been shown to be feasible alternatives to the conventional multi-step gear transmissions (standard or automatic) typically used in automotive applications. Most CVT applications, however, rely on a shaft-to-shaft transmission arrangement, in which the belt-sheave action limits the load capacity of the transmission, particularly at the high power ranges (low speed, high torque). In this paper, a system based on a combined planetary gear train and a continuously variable pulley system is presented. The uniqueness of this arrangement is that the variable pulleys provide a power/torque split and recirculation function, which, when combined with the planetary gear train function, produces a continuously variable power split transmission system.

With the introduction of the 5HP24 in early 1996, ZF has completed their product line for 5-speed transmissions. This transmission was especially developed for 8 cylinder engines and has achieved important improvements in fuel consumption, performance, comfort and reliability. This report shows, that 5-speed automatic transmissions result in a reduced fuel consumption, even in countries with speed limits. For example the 5HP24 incorporates the latest developments such as: converter wirth controlled slip clutch (CSC) measures to allow engine speed between 600 and 7200 rpm modern closed loop control shifting strategy performance improved Transmission Control Unit (TCU)

Usage of CVTs in automotive applications has begun to increase, however because of their relative newness and previous usage in nonautomotive applications, a broad base of technical information on the various types of CVT's does not exist. Most importantly though, no comparison information exists on the different types of configurations. Currently, there are a number of CVT technologies that have been used in automotive, off-road and industrial applications. This paper will highlight the characteristics, design limitations and efficiencies of the following basic CVT types:

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tools are difficult to handle for designers, especially into the range of a short product development time (eg. from 6 months to 3 years) of complex products like electronic devices and cars: industrialists therefore need more simplified tools for Design for Environment (DFE). That is why Ecobilan, supported by a group of multinational electronic industries, is developing a tool for DFE of complex products, based on a life cycle approach called EIME, for Environmental IMpacts Evaluation. The main differences with a LCA are that an EIME integrates qualitative data into the analysis step and that end of life is tackled through product composition and assembly, but not through end of life modelling. This paper presents the EIME methodology and the EIME tool.

The effects of temperature, crack tip opening rate and rubber content on static fracture characteristics of CNBR (Cross-linked acryloNitrile Butadiene Rubber) modified epoxy adhesives were investigated under mode I loading. Loading-unloading tests were statically performed by using DCB (Double Cantilever Beam) specimens. The fracture toughness increased with increasing the rubber content. The fracture toughness of CNBR modified and unmodified epoxy adhesives was much influenced by temperature and crack tip opening rate. The surface topology of fractured surface was changed by temperature and type of adhesive.

Glass reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate) polyester molding resins are currently used in various applications for automobiles. These include assemblies such as windshield wiper plenums. Expanding its use into new applications requires that the molded polyester part be able to withstand additional automotive fabrication steps and be tough and dimensionally stable in use. While PET based material is currently used for applications that are affixed to the car body after oven treatment, customers have specifically expressed the need to simplify the automobile assembly sequence by using materials that can withstand the 200°C ovens used to cure car body coatings. Existing commercial grades do not meet all of the additional specific dimensional requirements, although the heat deflection temperature at 1.8 MPa of these types of materials can be well above 200 °C.

Pigmented & mineral-filled PP (PF-PP) is marketed as a potential alternative to ABS for automotive interior applications. However, PF-PP is easily damaged by scratching its surface, thus limiting its acceptance for interior applications. This study investigates the test methods to quantify the extent of scratch & mar damage, and the effect of different mineral fillers towards improving the scratch & mar resistance of PF-PP.

Polyaryletherketones (PAEK) and Polyimides (PI) are increasingly used for demanding tribological applications, especially in automotive powertrains. The parameters that influence the wear rate of these materials are pressure (p), temperature, interfacial velocity (v), counterfacial roughness, component geometry and lubrication. Using the geometry and counterface defined in the testing standard ASTM D 3702, a high velocity comparative study of these high performance engineering polymers was conducted in an attempt to understand the effects of the pressure and velocity combination (pv) on wear rate.

An innovative robotic extrusion technology has been developed by Advanced Elastomer Systems NV/SA (AES) and Gepoc Verfahrenstechnik GmbH in Germany. This technology has proven ideal for producing a soft sealing member on a rigid substrate with a thermoplastic vulcanizate as the soft sealing member. This new robotic extrusion technology will open up a wide range of engineered applications for bonding a soft sealing member to a hard substrate in automotive, construction, appliance and other markets. Potential automotive applications include cowl seals, lighting lens gaskets, and belly pan seals.

Increased awareness of health effects caused by airborne contaminants that include natural and industrial aerosols, bioaerosols and gases, has led to increased usage of various kinds of filters. This trend is reflected in the automotive industry, where cabin air filters are increasingly offered as a means to reduce the likelihood of inhaling these contaminants while driving. Pleated filters, typically employing charge enhanced, thermoplastic base non woven media, have most commonly been applied in order to achieve the requisite level of particle capture, at minimum expense of additional burden to the vehicle HVAC system. The reliability of these filters, however, has been under scrutiny. This is particularly true for those derived from depth electrostatic media. In this study we have evaluated a newly developed depth media, as well as a split fiber electret media, under various simulated environmental and loading conditions.

Despite their high volume of usage, polymers are barely a century old and as such are still a relatively new class of engineering materials. However, plastics are increasingly being used for load-bearing components in demanding thermal, mechanical, and chemical environments. Therefore, the engineering community has a high need to be able to analyze and predict the performance of these materials in order to design parts faster and more accurately. But proper engineering design requires both accurate mechanical properties to define material behavior and effective analysis techniques to predict part performance based on those data. The purpose of this paper is to assess the current effectiveness of materials characterization technology to account for various loading conditions and processing/materials considerations as they relate to material modeling for use in structural analysis.

Between 10- and 11-million scrap vehicles are being recycled each year in the United States by the automotive shredder industry. Presently, they are able to recover 95%of the ferrous and non-ferrous metals in an automobile, which translates to roughly 75% of the total car weight. However, up to 3-million tons of waste, commonly known as fluff or automotive shredder residue (ASR), are generated and landfilled by automotive shredders every year. In order to increase the efficiency of recovery of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals from the shredded vehicles, many new developments have been made in separation technology in the last few years. This paper describes recent developments in shredder downstream separation processes and recycling options for automotive shredder residue.