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Wide variations in exhaust hydrocarbon concentration have been traced to the angular position of the top compression ring gap. Furthermore, with a fixed gap position, equally large changes in exhaust hydrocarbon concentration have been correlated with blowby flow rate, which was chiefly determined by the smallest of the two compression ring gap areas. Enlarging gap area increases blowby volume, which lowers exhaust hydrocarbon output. It is believed that the air-fuel mixture in the piston-bore-ring crevices escapes combustion and that both gap location and blowby flow influence the amount of this hydrocarbon-laden gas which makes its way into the exhaust gas. A modification of the piston and top ring, called the sealed ring-orifice design, has demonstrated the technical feasibility of reducing exhaust hydrocarbon concentrations by minimizing the crevice effect, while cutting blowby flow below that possible with production rings.

The Volvo Exhaust Emission Control System is an engine modification system employing the dual manifold principle, lean mixtures, idle spark retard, deceleration bypass valves, and increased idle speed. The design and performance of the system are described, including the influence on the Federal cycle results of various factors such as idle speed and idle mixture adjustment. Fuel economy, octane requirement, etc, is also discussed. Results of durability test are reported.

Requirements of federal and state agencies to control the exhaust emissions of motor vehicles defined performance standards for 1968. Consideration of economics and practicality motivated a full scale design and development program to meet this required performance without the use of a secondary control system. An analysis of new low quench type combustion chambers compared with the standard chambers used on two displacements of a 6-cylinder engine family in prior model years is presented in terms of parameters related to exhaust emission and to conventional engine design. The engine induction system, with special emphasis on carburetor characteristics, is contrasted for application to non-emission controlled engines with application to emission controlled engines.

In support of the Federal regulations which limit hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions from new motor vehicles, the State of New Jersey has passed a law which is intended to require that vehicles with these controls, as well as vehicles without controls, be kept functioning properly. The law states that all motor vehicles subject to inspection pass a test annually to show compliance with standards to be set by the Department of Health. This paper describes the development of a 1 minute test for measuring and evaluating the crankcase and exhaust emissions for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and smoke. It involves putting the vehicle on a simple set of inertia rolls and driving a simple cycle, called the ACID cycle, that was developed for this test. The exhaust is collected by either a variable dilution or variable flow system and analyzed for hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.

A proposal for a tracer method to be used in the investigation of fuel effects is made. In addition, preliminary results of a tracer investigation of exhaust emissions in a Wankel engine which burns an oil-fuel mixture (NSU KKM 507/3) are reported. It is hoped that the tracer technique proposed here will be able to elucidate the nature of the chemistry of the combustion process in engines, in particular those processes leading to atmospheric pollution. The initial study examined the relative contribution of each component of an oil-fuel mixture to incompletely burned material in the exhaust. It was found that the oil contributed a disproportionate amount to the total emissions prior to an engine overhaul when the rotor seals were replaced. Subsequent to this the proportion of incompletely burned material attributed to the oil was the same as the proportion of oil in the initial oil-fuel mixture.

Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide concentrations in the exhaust of an engine equipped with a closed positive crank-case ventilation (PCV) system were kept at low levels with operation on high-quality motor oil when compared with similar operation on a low-quality motor oil. The increase in exhaust emissions with the low-quality motor oil resulted from the effects of deposit accumulation in the PCV valve, carburetor venturi, and carburetor throttle body areas.

Charts have been developed that, from the composition of gasoline-engine exhaust, indicate quickly and easily: 1. Fuel-air ratio of the mixture inducted into the engine. 2. Uniformity of mixture distribution and completeness of combustion. 3. Internal consistency of the set of exhaust-composition measurements. Calculation of fuel-air ratio from exhaust composition is common, but the charts have advantages in some applications and less sensitivity to error in CO2 determinations. Determination of mixture uniformity from total exhaust composition appears to be new. The charts provide a worthwhile check on instrument accuracy, which is not an integral part of other F/A techniques.

Economical new families of automotive printed circuit connectors and interconnection systems are being developed which take advantage of automated installation equipment and provide connections to conventional harnesses and flexible circuitry as well as to the printed circuit boards themselves.

The present production sliding spline is performing its functions satisfactorily with problem areas being quite small. There is, however, a certain quantity of applications where spline galling occurs, and this has led to an evaluation of the causes, and testing for solutions. Nylon coating of the splines was found to be the most logical solution. The paper discusses the work which led up to the use of nylon, and the advantages which were subsequently found.

Engine governors are being used basically to protect the vehicle engine and power take-off driven components as well as to maintain a proper operating rpm for maximum efficient use of these components. Controls presently being used with powered utility equipment have not been completely satisfactory. The use of fixed throttle controls, vacuum throttle controls, spinner type controls, and a combination of these types with power driven components is analyzed in detail. The spinner type control was found most effective for use with P.T.O. driven utility equipment. However, it appears that an engine speed control would do a better job than an engine governor. The advantage of the engine speed control is the simplicity of installation and maintenance as well as the ability to pre-set multiple speed settings with electrical connections for the various component engagement switches.

The new Holley ice condition detector system that predicts frost and ice conditions before they actually occur on bridges, highways, and airport runways is discussed. The system has been used successfully by the Michigan Department of State Highways on the Flint River Bridge. A similar design is under evaluation for use on airport runways, and a system capable of snow storm prediction is currently under development. The system incorporates humidity sensing for anticipating frost that leads to ice formations, and separate sensors for sensing ice formations resulting from precipitation. When the system detects the conditions that lead to ice formation, a warning system or de-icing system can be automatically initiated before frost forms. When these conditions disappear, the detection system automatically shuts off the warning or deicing systems. Application of de-icing chemicals will de-energize the system.

Electronic data processing, when properly designed and applied, can be a useful management tool in a small company. However, before instituting such a system, management must evaluate what it wants from an improved record keeping system in relation to the installation and running costs of an EDP system. After the system is installed, the economic benefits of the system must be carefully evaluated. This paper outlines the questions that must be asked at each point.

The most serious pitfalls to be encountered in securing satisfactory services from a data processing system are those which may be created by the man who needs the services. His failures to understand and communicate his requirements for documents and reports will insure unsatisfactory data processing beyond the control of data processing management. Several rules for a good user are offered and discussed.

The Transportation Department of Consolidated Edison has made extensive use of electronic data processing procedures in keeping detailed cost records on its vehicles, controlling preventive maintenance schedules, and determining individual vehicle performance records. The specific procedures and types of reports are described in detail. The system is also used to control the parts inventory. Vendors supply designated parts to Con Ed which are paid for as they are used, a procedure that results in savings by reducing the number of invoices processed for small dollar items. Tire service operations are also controlled on the system.

Perhaps the most important requirement in a large fleet is to control effectively equipment maintenance costs and inventories, with emphasis on vehicle replacement policy, optimum life expectancy, and repair guidance. Data processing is the only practical way to obtain such information as is needed to achieve these ends. This paper describes how a broad concept using data processing is applied to managing a ground transportation fleet. A program to preplan and control vehicle maintenance and replacement is described.

This paper describes a technique of using electro-data processing to control maintenance cost of line haul tractors operated by a common carrier. This technique, through a series of reports, assigns costs to system or subassembly of the tractor rather than the tractor itself. Isolating costs to subassemblies makes the job of control one of many small tasks, instead of one impossible chore.

The purpose of this paper is to present data on a safety device which will, upon loss of air pressure, automatically, or when manually operated, apply the brakes of a vehicle. It is now possible to provide an emergency braking system capable of stopping a vehicle in the event of a failure in the air brake system. The spring brake unit provides a failsafe feature. It also provides a positive parking brake.

The Stopmaster brake, which provides a parking and emergency braking system, is described. The operation of both air and hydraulic actuated brakes is discussed, with special emphasis on the features of the hydraulic system, and the operation and performance of the emergency braking system.

With the ever increasing demand for more usability and flexibility of commercial vehicles, attention has focused on the need for a dependable hydraulic operational parking brake. One such system is the utilization of the existing hydraulic service brakes. This paper will discuss several means of accomplishing this end.

Present-day trucking applications are increasing in complexity and placing an ever increasing demand on the truck engine to serve as the power source for operating a wide variety of auxiliary equipment. This equipment is demanding a high level of sophisticated speed control which must respond to greater requirements than simply speed governing. A speed control must be responsive to multiple input control signals and capable of operating at numerous speed levels automatically. This paper describes a recently developed speed control system consisting of a solid-state printed circuit control module coupled with an electrovacuum actuator. This system is responsive to present day flexibility and operational demands. It also offers features such as multilevel speed control, remote speed, load droop, and stability adjustment, monitoring feed back, and responsiveness to control signals from multiple stations.