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The problem of aircraft noise is reaching critical proportions, with the ever-increasing number of jets and the coming introduction of the 747 and SST. The communities surrounding airports are becoming more and more intolerant of this noise. Although engineering technology will solve some of the problem with advances in engine design, the final solution rests with the federal government. Only on the federal level can effective noise standards be promulgated and applied to all aircraft through the certification process. This solution is discussed in detail.

This paper discusses the considerations and procedures of aircraft maintenance during the early period known as the warranty period. It highlights what warranty is or is not and the various aircraft and component warranties, as well as advantages and disadvantages. The purchase of a new piece of equipment for the fleet always presents the question to the maintenance chief of how to keep it flying and what will be the cost of operation. Warranty programs in general and the advantages offered while easing the burden of claims requests for the buyer and the manufacturer are discussed.

Increasing air traffic has produced an increase in midair collisions. This paper describes the airborne collision avoidance system (CAS), which is intended for use by large aircraft. It also describes the Dinade CAS, intended to be installed in small aircraft. In addition, the combination of the Dinade interrogator with a weather radar to conserve capital investment, space, weight, and power consumption, is discussed.

Light aircraft that encounter the trailing vortex system generated by heavy transport aircraft can experience high roll rates, loss of altitude, and large structural loads. Envelopes of vortex system velocities, duration, and movement for various wind conditions have been determined. Specific operational procedures for the take-off, landing, and enroute phases of flight are suggested to enable the light aircraft pilot to avoid the wake turbulence of heavy aircraft.

This paper discusses the work that the Engineering Div. of Goodyear Aerospace Corp. has been conducting in energy-absorption and how this has been applied to new concepts in fuel containment. The discussion includes various qualitative test methods and compares the test values of the material being investigated to standard fuel tank materials. Hopefully, these values will suggest new design approaches and test procedures for the improvement of fuel tanks, both in crash-resistance and puncture sealing ability.

Present fuel flow measuring systems for medium priced aircraft lack the accuracy needed for efficient flight planning and cargo weight scheduling. They also lack the means for totalizing the measurement signal to provide an accurate measure of fuel consumed or fuel remaining. A new fuel management system has been designed to use a turbine meter to measure fuel flow. Since the measuring instrument provides a digital output, flow rate can be totalized by means of a pulse counter. Therefore, in addition to rate indication, the pilot has an accurate total of fuel consumed or fuel remaining at his disposal. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of existing systems and contrasts them with the turbine meter system. It also discusses fuel density changes due to temperature and fuel type and how they affect the measuring system in both piston and turbo-type aircraft.

Spectrometric oil analysis pioneered for aviation use by the Navy is now an accepted maintenance tool used by both the Air Force and Army. The system measures the submicroscopic wear metals in suspension in the oil system. Normal and abnormal metal limits of particles too small to be seen without magnification have been established for a variety of aeronautical equipments. By establishing what is normal wear for each metal in a particular equipment, the laboratory engineer can pinpoint an equipment which has exceeded the normal limits and thereby can alert the maintenance personnel of the abnormal condition. The Navy is providing oil analysis service to its many aircraft squadrons on a routine basis by use of the emission spectrometer. Much of the success of the program is due to the advance in the state-of-the-art in emission spectroscopy.

This study demonstrates an objective testing technique for evaluating man-car performance. The mean maximum speed at which a severe lane change could be completed successfully was used as the measure of man-car performance for various dynamic car response properties. Within he ranges of understeer and transient yaw response commonly appearing in today's vehicles, it was found that such a measure could detect differences reliably in the particular mix of car response parameters used in this study, but averaging over a number of test trials was required.

First introduced as standard equipment on the 1965 Lincoln and Thunderbird, and as optional equipment on the 1965 Mustang, the disc brake was released as the power option on all 1968 Ford-built car lines. Two sizes are available: one for the custom cars, which use a 15 in. diameter wheel; the other for the light cars using a 14 in. diameter wheel. The problems encountered, the tooling changes necessary, and the equipment finally used for developing the floating caliper disc brake are described.

Analyses of some of available experimental results suggest that frontal and rear-end automobile collision processes may be simulated by a simple model with a mass, which represents the vehicle mass, and a spring, which represents the resisting force due to crushing of the vehicle structure. Indications are that in the case of barrier and head-on collisions, the spring is one-way linear, and the rate does not vary with colliding speeds provided that the type of vehicle and the mode of collisions remain the same. On the other hand, in the case of rear-end collisions, experiments indicate that the spring is almost rigid-plastic. The occupant's motion was also studied by a simulated model. A parametric study was made to obtain a design criterion for safety harnesses and vehicle interior geometry relative to occupants for injury reduction.

Recent changes in brake regulations in may countries have given the brake engineer new problems to solve. Some of these, concerning hot brake performance, dual brake systems, and directional stability, are analyzed, and an example given of a brake specification which meets the present standards in the U. S., the European continent, and Sweden.

Knowledge of basic optics is necessary to understand lasers and holography. Diffraction, coherence, and interference are discussed. Coherence is shown to be necessary before interference can occur. Coherence is difficult to obtain with conventional light sources but is readily available from lasers. As the wavelength of light is small, it is destined to become an important industrial measuring tool. Existing interferometers are already performing some measuring tasks.

A revival of interest in holography has been accompanied by suggestions of many new potential uses. Some of these uses may prove to be less successful than nonholographic methods, but possible applications, present and future, are being surveyed. Holographic uses discussed in this paper are storage, hologram interferometry, disdrometry, and ultrasonic imagery.

Restraint systems for occupants are now being provided in all new automotive passenger vehicles. This paper describes research into the effectiveness and proper use of various types of restraint systems for adults and children. Tests were conducted, both simulated and full-scale, to explore the added level of protection that can be afforded when the occupants of a passenger car can anticipate an impact. Research indicates that a substantial reduction of accidental injuries and deaths can be achieved if the motoring public apply the conclusions of this study.

An inflatable cushion restraint system is being developed which automatically inflates in front of the automobile occupant in the time interval between vehicle impact and the “second collision.” The system draws upon the latest non-metallic material technology and controlled explosive power units to achieve the objectives of actuating the cushion in .040 seconds and attaining high reliability and sufficient storage life at a realistic cost-effectiveness ratio. This system has undergone extensive sled, barrier, and other development tests. These tests have indicated that in experimental situations significant reductions in lap belt loads, in head and chest deceleration, and in rebound rates may be achieved as compared with the present lap belt system. Tests with live primates, run on the Daisy Decelerator at Alamagordo, New Mexico, resulted in survivability at sled decelerations of 57 g’s vs. fatal injuries at 40 g’s for the best of all other systems tested.

The coming of the laser made it necessary to understand coherent and partially coherent image formation. Examination of superposition theory shows that the intensity impulse response is basic to image formation analysis. Basic examples of coherent image formation are given. These principles are traced through the historical development of the hologram. A simplified approach is used to distinguish between and exemplify the underlying principles of: Fresnel, Fraunhofer, Sideband Fresnel, and Fourier Transform hologram.

The gas turbine engine has long been under study as the means of powering a National Championship race car. In the past, cars using turbine power have been plagued by inadequate power response, poor braking and unacceptably high fuel consumption. The solution to these and many other problems was necessary in order to place on the starting grid a vehicle which came within three minutes of victory at the 1967 Indianapolis ‘500’. This vehicle acquired many titles, some of which are –“Silent Sam”, “The Wooshmobile”, “Silent Screamer” and “The Quiet Revolution”. Call it what you may, but with less than one complete race to its credit, it is destined to become the world’s most famous race car.

This paper describes a metal-cored composition cylinder head gasket that meets performance requirements of the new high-displacement, high-output automotive engines. Design, fabrication, and control factors make it reliable. Materials and construction factors make it effective. The combustion chamber flanges, facing material, and the perforated core are the three components that make the gasket both reliable and effective. The composite gasket is identified and the contributing components reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of the perforated core which is used as a mounting and supporting base for the Buna N asbestos facing materials. It incorporates structural strength to the composition and contributes load bearing characteristics to the gasket body. It controls compression, limits crush, and minimizes lateral flow or extrusion of the body materials.

Increasing demands on automatic transmissions due to performance considerations, higher speed driving (1)*, heavier duty operation (that is, trailer towing) (2), and extended warranty life, have placed new and more stringent requirements on the transmission and fluid. The areas of increased fluid stress are oxidation stability due to higher operating temperatures, and shear stability because of higher shear rates. In meeting these needs, a transmission fluid has been developed which satisfies the specific requirements of the TorqueFlite transmisssion, as well as providing improvement in low-temperature engine starting performance.

This paper describes a detailed evaluation of overhead camshaft valve actuation. The conventional pushrod-operated valve train is compared to direct-acting and rocker-actuated overhead camshaft systems by both analytical and experimental means. The effect of the various methods of valve actuation on valve train weights, forces, and stresses is discussed. It is shown that the principal advantage of overhead camshafts is the increased natural frequency of the valve train. The resulting improved dynamic characteristics of the valve-actuating mechanism make it possible to design camshaft profiles which expand the useful operating range of high-speed engines.