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The application of off-highway logging trucks to adverse grade hauling has been, and will continue to be, a challenge that the logger must face as he seeks to extract timber from inaccessible areas of the forest. Procedures for analysing drive train life expectancy and the practical aspects of trip time, etc. have been long and involved. The use of computer functions can simplify the decision-making process.

Experience front nearly six years in production of air-to-air (A-A) charge air cooling (CAC) is reported. Solutions to overcome the drawbacks of air-to-air compared to water-to-air charge air cooling are presented.

The roll stability of heavy-duty trucks and truck combinations is discussed both on the level of the fundamental mechanics of vehicle response and from the viewpoint of the quantitative influence of size and weight variables. The presentation on fundamentals begins with the case of a rigidly-suspended vehicle and builds up to the case of a tractor-semitrailer with distinctive suspension stiffnesses and spring lash properties at the various axle positions. Size and weight considerations cover variations in axle load, gross weight, and overall width as well as incidental issues involving the height and possible lateral offset of the payload center of gravity. Size and weight influences on roll stability are interpreted in terms of the likely implications for rollover accident involvement.

This paper will discuss the design and development of glass reinforced reaction injection molded parts on the front end of a heavy duty C.O.E. truck which in the past have been traditionally steel or aluminum sheet metal. The subject areas to be discussed are performance criteria for material at elevated and sub-zero temperatures, the design criteria established to take full advantage of the selected material and meet existing requirements for Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards where applicable. The final outcome of this program was the production release of the following Class “A” exterior glass reinforced urethane reaction injection molded front end panels. Grille Cab Front Panel Grille Extension Panels Bumper End Caps Air Dam

A substantial number of utility vehicles are being equipped with small integral engine-driven electrical generators to provide electrical and accessory power. With the variety of installations it is possible to incorrectly size, apply and install the engine - generator set. This paper is presented to provide general guidelines for selection and application of small engine-generators installed on utility vehicles.

Liquid Crystal Display is in the process of achieving the supreme position as an automotive instrument panel; it will replace all other existing automotive displays on dashboards. However, a number of problems on technical support remain to be solved. Focused the most among them is the strong demand of a highly reliable connection method. The new connection technique by soldering was presented in the previous paper. This paper describes the reliability and fabrication process of the new connection and its application to Driver IC on flexible P.C.B. and Chip on Glass instrument panels.

In this paper four pedestrian models will be presented: three 2-dimensional models with 2, 5 and 7-segments respectively and one 3-dimensional model with 15 segments. All these models were formulated with the general Crash Victim Simulation package MADYMO. Model results will be compared with the experimental results of a Part 572 dummy impacted lateral at two velocities (30 and 40 km/h). The reliability of the models with respect to their complexity will be discussed. Special attention will be given to the mathematical representation of the contact between the pedestrian and sharp vehicle edges and the visualization of the complex 3-dimensional pedestrian motions with a recently developed 3D-Graphics Package.

In 1980 the European Experimental Vehicle Committee set up a working group to study “Pedestrian Injury accidents”. The report made by this group which is summarized in this paper gives the importance of pedestrian accidents especially for children and for Elderly popple, analyzes the influence of the vehicle on injuries and on Kinematics, from which are proposed improvements of cars for injury reduction, proposes criteria for evaluation of pedestrian safety, based on human tolerance and discuss the several methods for simulation of pedestrian accidents. This report concludes on priorities for action and several recommendations for future research.

This study, carried out within two years, deals with 441 pedestrians, casualties in traffic accidents, in which the Lyon SAMU intervened on a geographic area corresponding to the Lyonese region. This study concerns the lesions according to body sectors, their severity and shows the severity of cephalic lesions.

Agricultural vehicles have particular needs with respect to the design of their display systems that distinguish them from the requirements of automobiles. In addition to making the vehicle more driveable, and thus directly contributing to the farmer’s productivity, the display system plays an important role in reducing the farmer’s costs in the event of a vehicle failure. This paper describes some of the special concepts that must be addressed in the design of display systems for modern agricultural vehicles, and gives an indication of the current state - of - the - art.

The use of instrumentation on agricultural equipment slowly evolved from human observation of the operation of the equipment to a level of instrumentation which parallels that found on automobiles, and shared that automotive plateau for approximately 40 years. It has now embarked on a path which differs from that of the automobile. These differences are now openly competitive within the agricultural industry in both the choice of display technology and in function selection. This paper reviews both the early and modern agricultural instrumentation along with some of the unique functions now being monitored.

About 8,000 pedestrians are killed each year in the United States and probably another 180,000 are injured. This paper reports on an analysis of 1978 and 1979 New York pedestrian accidents to try to find any relationships between vehicle factors and pedestrian injury severity and location. In these data trucks and vans were found to be associated with more severe pedestrian injuries than passenger cars. However, within the passenger car category vehicle weight and injury severity were not clearly related. And few meaningful relationships were found between aspects of the passenger car front end configuration or the past production use of "soft" materials and pedestrian injury severity or location.

Since 1940 technological change in agriculture has led to substantial increases in productivity and significant changes in farm structure. Over this period labor productivity increased about 6 percent per year, and farms have increased in size. In 1940 about 15 percent of the U.S. work force was in agiculture; by 1980 this had declined to 3 percent. Productivity gains and the movement to scientific industrialization of food production and distribution have contributed greatly to the improvement in real per capita incomes for the society as a whole. Productivity gains, however, involve changes and adjustments that affect people; existing skills and capital become obsolete and lose value. The gains and costs from change that occurs often are not equitably distributed.

A rapid pattern analysis system was developed at Oklahoma State University which samples the swath deposition from agricultural aircraft. A 30.5 m track holding a paper tape is sprayed with a fluorescent dye tracer. The spray pattern is analyzed by feeding the paper tape through a modified filter fluorometer which produces an analog voltage proportional to the fluorescence on the tape. The voltage signal is graphed, and stored digitally on floppy disk for later evaluation. The pattern analysis system has been used as a tool for correcting aerial application spray patterns, single nozzle pattern studies, and investigation of various spray pattern phenomena.

Tire costs contribute significantly to the operating cost of earthmoving equipment. These costs can be monitored with a tire record system and reduced by utilizing the different options and products the tire manufacturers have to offer.

A new Caterpillar Wheel Tractor has been developed as a replacement for the original 834. This paper explains the vehicle objectives, summarizes the development program and provides a comprehensive review of the major features of the 834B Wheel Tractor.

This paper addresses the development of the 4-wheel drive option for the Case 580D loader/backhoe, including those factors which prompted the program, design considerations, testing of components and prototype units, and manufacturing considerations.

The Athabasca tar sands with an oil content of 626 x 109 barrels are mined since 1967 in large scale operation. The opening up work in SYNCRUDE's Mildred Lake Pit started in 1974. The selected mining method and the unfavourable climatic conditions require a tailor-made design of the bucket wheel units for SYNCRUDE. The design features resulting from the mining method are described and compared with the one of bucket wheel excavators working in Lignite open pit mines. The dependency of design details from the climatic conditions is shown.

Engineering thermoplastics have greatly improved over the last decade. As a result of these improved performance characteristics and their becoming more cost competitive with traditional cage materials, their use in tapered roller bearing cages has become a reality. Design flexibility, lighter weight, resistance to handling damage, etc. make them attractive. This paper does point out certain characteristics of thermoplastics which must be taken into consideration thus influencing the choice of material and what environments they can endure. Compatibility with lubricants at elevated temperatures, growth from moisture and thermal expansion, solvent resistance, impact resistance, strength and dimensional stability are the major considerations. Thermoplastics have found a place in the tapered roller bearing family.

There are many types of bearings available that can be used for Off-Highway types of equipment. In fact, so many, that they can be classed in such a manner that the static capacity, dynamic capacity, velocity limits and temperature capability can be graduated to assist the designer in choosing a suitable material. A concise outline of both metal-backed, lubricated and self-lubricated bearings will be outlined along various types of self-lubricated, high-strength composites. Guidelines to choose a material based on application data will also be reviewed.