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This paper will briefly outline the pressures noted by industry regarding pollution and operating costs, and the progressive developments which are being made to eliminate dumping metal working lubricants, and a decrease in operating costs.

Imbibitive polymer particles are quite effective in their ability to imbibe hydrocarbon fluids and vapors. Also, valuable imbibed oils can be recovered from the polymer by solvent exchange. It is evident that imbibitive polymers will not solve all of our increasing pollution problems, but it may be helpful in solving some.

Over the past 15 years, a large amount of effort has been devoted to the development of sampling and analytical techniques to measure the gaseous components of vehicle exhaust. Development of these techniques has been a long, time-consuming process, requiring definition of all factors that can affect accuracy, reproducibility, and the meaningfulness of the test results. In spite of all this activity, further changes and improvements in the test procedures are still being implemented. In contrast, the amount of activity spent in developing methods for determining the quantity and composition of particulate matter in vehicle exhaust has been quite small. There is, at present, no clear definition of what is considered particulate matter in vehicle exhaust. Further, there is no procedure for determining the total particulate emission rate from cars, or a defined test cycle for rating of cars. However, particulate emission control standards are being considered for 1975.

Thermoset powder coatings for metal decoration and other uses are the subject of this paper. The state-of-the-art in Europe and the United States are discussed. Uses of epoxy resin, its advantages, and disadvantages are reviewed, as well as the methods of application. The possibilities for acrylics, polyesters, and polyurethanes as powder binders are explored. Comparative costs of European and America operations are provided, and indications of the rapid growth of the industry are obtained from tabulations of consumption rates and expanding markets.

Direct glazing of automobile fixed glass is gaining wider production usage in Europe. Objections on cost grounds are being overcome. New systems and compounds are being developed and employed. The thermoelectric system, with its ease of handling and installation, and lack of associated cleanup problems, seems to be the most popular method in use.

The single flank test measures the transmission error of a gear pair. The transmission error curve indicates the profile error (as described in the Gleason tooth contact analysis), and also pitch and eccentricity errors. The method is therefore valuable, not only for hypoid gear development, but also for inspection or quality control.

Through the years, the motor coach is fast becoming a new way of life. This paper will tend to highlight the progress which has developed with ingenuity. Today, the motor coach is a self-contained, motor driven home, complete with all the necessary conveniences, and in some cases, even the luxuries. It is finding a way in our everyday living as people seek more leisure time and as families anticipate traveling together.

The low-temperature pumpability performance of multigrade engine oils was evaluated in several United States and European engines. Test oils included both experimental formulations and commercial service station oils; test temperatures ranged between -20 and 0 F. The time for oil to reach engine rocker arms after startup at -15 F and -20 F was not related to low-temperature lubricant properties such as pour point and Brookfield viscosity. Pumpability (that is, oil gallery pressurization rate) of the oils improved markedly in successive cold-temperature starts, probably because of fuel dilution and shearing of microstructures in the oil. Engine design features can significantly affect pumpability performance.

A study of the low-temperature pumpability of multigrade motor oils was conducted to answer questions raised by car manufacturers and fleet operators in northern regions of the United States and Canada. It is shown that the oil's pumpability can be predicted with the use of a tilt can pour test. This test, in turn, was used to evaluate the effects of V.I. improver type and concentration, pour depressant, and field service on pourability.

The rate of heat release analysis of combustion processes in a diesel engine, derived from a knowledge of cylinder pressure time records, has now developed to be an effective tool for considering and evaluating the progress of these processes for research and development purposes. This paper examines some of the main errors and assumptions normally associated with the calculation of apparent rates of combustion heat release in engines, and suggests ways to improve the accuracy of these calculations.

Room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone sealants are discussed in-terms of the curing chemistry and the relation of the chemistry to the physical properties. Individual properties such as adhesion and modulus characteristics and their relations to overall sealant performance are also discussed. The paper describes a new group of silicone sealants having properties such as high strength, “knotty tear,” primerless adhesion, noncorrosiveness to copper, flame retardancy, and low modulus; pressure-sensitive adhesives are also discussed. These newly developed properties, coupled with the excellent performance characteristics of silicones and the ideal handling properties of RTV sealants, account for the increasing utilization of silicones in applications once served exclusively by organic sealants.

This paper was prepared after a brief survey of the scavenging systems development, from the birth of the diesel 2-stroke cycle and after a similar report of the research methods. The results are described of the research carried out by Fiat on the scavenging of the 2-stroke large-bore engines. A report is also given of the results obtained through lab tests at the Fiat Gas Dynamics Labs, and on the full-size engines, which makes it possible to follow the evolution of the Fiat scavenging, mainly during the last 30 years. These test results were then compared with the ones obtained, the method of research being the same, with other well-known 2-stroke diesel engines scavenging systems.

Radioactive oils were run in a laboratory V8 engine to determine the effects of viscosity and volatility on oil consumption. Using a tritium tracer method, very precise oil consumption rate measurements were obtained. The consumption rates of 14 test oils, blended from two crude sources, were measured at different engine speed and load conditions. To compare test oils run on different days, a computerized multiple regression analysis was required to compensate for daily variations in oil consumption. Another computer-aided statistical analysis related oil consumption rates to viscosity and volatility. Both hypothetical and empirical equations were used. Field tests were run to obtain a correlation with the laboratory test. Volatility was found to be the most important single characteristic affecting oil consumption. Smaller and less consistent consumption differences between oils were found in the field tests than in the laboratory engine.

The objectives for this all new small car included: Mini compact size Low cost of ownership based on initial price, fuel consumption, reliability, durability and serviceability Product superiority over other sub-compacts in appearance, comfort and features, ride and handling, and performance. To meet these objectives, it was necessary to design and develop a unique unitized body, new seats, front suspension, steering, manual transmission, optional overhead cam engine and many other new components. The design of these components to meet the objectives is discussed as well as resolution of some of the development problems that occurred.

With control of oxides of nitrogen from automobile exhaust scheduled for 1971 in California, and expected to be applied nationwide in the future, the recirculation of exhaust gas appears promising as a method of lowering NOx emissions. This paper discusses work done to evaluate effects of exhaust gas recirculation on intake system cleanliness and crankcase lubricant performance. Intake system effects were evaluated with respect to the formation of deposits in the carburetor, intake manifold and ports, and intake valve tulips. Crankcase lubricant performance was evaluated with respect to both low-temperature deposition and high-temperature oxidation and copper lead bearing corrosion characteristics.

A general analog computer procedure is presented for the dynamic analysis of a selected realistic model of an automobile or truck vehicle wheel-frame system. The elements of the model are assigned a set of values based on a preselected vehicle, and the model is then subjected to a number of inputs which correspond to test track road disturbances at various speeds. This procedure is successively applied to a number of typical vehicles. Time-varying values of wheel spindle and frame reaction “g” loads, acclerations, and displacements are recorded, and illustrative waveshapes are depicted. Tables indicating extreme values of these quantities are also included.

In the continuing search for reduced exhaust emissions from automotive engines, tighter controls on production carburetor fuel-air ratio delivery became necessary. Idle fuel and airflow measurement assumed major importance due to the influence of idle set points on exhaust emissions and on the part throttle flow curve of the carburetor. This paper details the development of idle fuel and airflow measurement transfer systems to correlate data between test stations, including the use of carburetors locked in the idle position. Matched sets of sonic flow nozzles are currently in use at each test location as a basis for defining carburetor idle airflow. Fuel flow, using a test fluid developed specifically for this application, is defined by a simple, accurate weight time calibrator. The current system requires only the transmittal of data between test locations and is now entering its second year of production application.

Misfire and cycle-to-cycle combustion variation are both serious problems in securing good engine performance and low exhaust emissions in the case of using extremely lean mixtures. Making some modifications in the ignition system and in the combustion chamber, and increasing the mixture turbulence, we examined their effects upon the lean limit, the engine performance, and the exhaust emissions. It was found that gap width and gap projection of a spark plug and spark energy as well as mixture turbulence had a great effect on extending the lean limit and improving engine performance with lean mixtures. A compact combustion chamber is preferable for lean mixture operation. Smooth operation of the engine can be maintained even at retarded spark timing by applying the above-mentioned items and providing hot intake air to the engine. Consequently, exhaust emissions, including hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen, can be substantially reduced.

A novel earthmoving machine making use of fuel-air explosions for the displacement of soil is presently under development. This paper discusses the mechanics of operation of the device, and reviews operating experiences and test results.

The effect of travel rate on force response of soil cutting blades is considered and found to include inertial, shear strength, and failure mode phenomena. The inertial effect is related to the acceleration of the cut soil mass and a simple equation is extracted from the literature and shown to correlate with the test results of flat inclined blades. The blade cutting force of saturated clay is found to exhibit a pronounced shear strength-rate effect which can be predicted from cone penetrometer measurements. Travel rate is found to change the mode of failure of certain soil-blade systems.